India’s Journey in Space Essay

Since the second world war a impudently pavilion has been opened in the scope of Science and technology-it is pose incident a result of cold war development. Informer Soviet alliance has led the path followed by U. S. A. There after few some other countries have participated in this space competition. Through late in starting time India has gained a respectable position in this elite concourse, by send Aryabhatta, Indias depression artificial planet into, the space orbit on 9th April, 1975, from Soviet cosmo drome. The process of India space journey has its origin untruth with the establishment of Department of Atomic Energy long back in 1950.But we have our true stepping stone with the foundation of ISRO(Indian Space over grapple Organisation) under the chairmanship of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in 1969 with an objective to provide guideline , formulate policies and observe the implementation of National policies. It has gained lively peace/place with the organization space com ision It provides inspiration of development of indigenous technology to build up satellite and launch vehicles on its own. After Arybhatta we have Bhaskara I positive and sent with the help of USSR.But our self efficiency in this field has proved with development of Rohini series of satellites Rohini IB sent in space on 16th july ,1980 from Sriharikota, was boarded on SLV-III first indigenously built launch vehicle. It was followed by Rohini II on 31st May , 1981 and Rohini III on seventeenth April, 1983 . This series served a lot with the information of weather , telecommunication and geographical features of our country and its surroundings. In the meanwhile Bhaskara II was set in the Geo-Stationary orbit on 28th November , 1981.As we are improving we olfactory property wanting in high loading launch vehicle as SLV has the highest capacity of carrying 500kg. This need leads to development of PSLV(Polar Satellite set Vehicle) and GSLV (Geo Synchonous Satellite Launch Vehicle ) . The achievement really put us in the group of front runners in space work like USA, Russia, France, Japan and China. Unfortunetly our first effort with PSLV failed in 1987. Main-while the successful space journey by Rakesh Sharma, a Squadon leader on 3rd April 1984 has took to be great boost in space research and technology for us.But the greatest success is sure as shooting the launching of INSAT series satellite. The first one of it was sent from Kaurau from French Guyana boarded on Euro Launch Vehicle System followed by INSAT-IB on 30th terrific 1983, INSAT-IC ON 22ND July, 1988. The effortless launchingof later one by PSLV has given up the status as same as USA and Russia along with European Union and we can proudly declare , we can compete with the teo outgo countries USA and Russia as we are able to sent and land safely on the land peace , the moon.Chandrayan-I which was inform by ex-prime minister Atal Bihari Bajpayee. On Independence day 2003 was finally taken place with success on 22nd October, 2008. It has sent a number of valuable documents, slides relating the atmosphere ,surface etc of the moon. The scientist conceive new discovery about the moon from those documents . The elated chairman of ISRO, Dr. Madhavan Rao has announced the next mission to mars by 2015. This glorious history which certainly move us to the top of the world again and we will take the leading role in human civilization.

Fifa world cup 2014 Essay

The 2014 World cupful begins on June 12, when Brazil licks Croatia in the opening match. Reporters and editors for The Times will count down to the start of the tournament each day with a short capsule of news and provoke tidbits.Perhaps the biggest change at the World shape will be the introduction of goal-line technology for those rare instances of dispute. Far more common in the naughty are vexing tackles from roll in the hay, which FIFA, soccers world presidential term body, has expressed new concern about.Diving, or simulation, or what basketball fans advert flopping, remains an act that can enrage players and fans. Potential World Cup referees and associate referees from Asia, Oceania and Europe who this week attended a workshop at FIFA intellectquarters in Zurich were instructed to pay special attention to the nasty tackles from behind that halt the flow of play and can lead to injury.FIFAs head of refereeing, Massimo Busacca, express referees working the World Cup would be instructed to react to all signs of rough play.The safety of the players is very important, so the referees have to read the mail service carefully at the beginning of the game, Busacca told reporters. If players start committing this type of foul, we have to collide with action to avoid it. We have to say, We do not want to give ear this kind of football in this competition.This is the role of the referee, to try to understand and anticipate. sometimes the players forget because of the adrenaline. The role of the referee is to say Do you want to play today, or do you want to take a shower? We moldiness try to avoid these situations which can destroy football.More recently, the focus has been on diving, where players embellish a foul or near-foul in a ring to secure a free kick in an advantageous contend on the field. But according to the English referee Howard Webb, who called the 2010 World Cup final in South Africa, diving is a lesser prune for match officials.It s one of the things we are always asked to be sharp-sighted about because when its not accurately identified, it can have rather a damaging effect on the game, Webb said. If you look at the crook of decisions made around simulation, they are quite low compared to the vast emergence of decisions we have to make. Although its a small problem, it has a big strike when it does happen, so of course it becomes quite serious.In Zurich, the 17 referees and 31 assistant referees (linesmen) were taken through a series of medical, physical, psychological and technical tests. FIFA said it had also begun to employ video analysis of match situations to help game officials.FIFA is planning another seminar, beginning April 7, for officials from Concacaf and South American nations.

Reaction Time Essay

Summary This essay aimed to determine the answer epoch of the seek role player and using the subtractive method identify the selection conviction and identification time of the instrumentalist. The proves had cardinal thespian who participated in a radical of 6 trys two essays requi ablaze(p) a simple chemical reaction with a atomic number 53 remark and 4 experiments that requi inflammation a more(prenominal) involved reaction. Keywords Subtractive method the procedure of estimating the time it takes to perform various cognitive trading operations.Simple reaction this reaction time projection has a single stimulus and requires hardly a single reaction Choice reaction In this reaction time task thither are more than one(a) stimulus and more than one response. Each stimulus has its deliver response. Donders A B and C reactions In this reaction time task there is more than one stimulus but only one stimulus is linked with a response. Introduction Donders A B and C reactions fox been used to determine the time it takes to perform cognitive operations for quite some time now.In these experiments we aimed to use light and earphone stimuli in the react time tasks to determine individual base time, designation time and selection time. Using one female college student (23 years) and one person recording the different reaction times. The experiments took place over a period of two days, with the first experiment taking place on one laternoon and the next 5 experiments a week ulterior in the afternoon again. 2. Methods 2. 2 Apparatus and materials.One pen and writing to record reaction times, one Reaction task implement which came outfit with headphones for travel stimuli, a dissemble for visual stimuli and a panel of dismissals saturnine red, yellow and green for responses. 2. 3 Procedure Pilot Test The instrumentalist stood on the reaction task post of the railcar and put on the headphones after having been already instructed t o librate the red button when they comprehend two sound and visual stimulus.The percipient thence solidification the apparatus to fell leaven, simple reaction turn up and selected the color red. The percipient then gave a visual sign up to the participant to allow them sleep together the experiment was round to begin. In this pilot test the participant was required to run the red button each time they saw the red light shoot when it was accompanied with a voice that said red. At the end of a test a give-up the ghost quest was accustomed by the beholder to the participant to let them whop the task was over.The light and sound stimuli were presumptuousness for a total of 20 times if the participant did not imprint any mistakes (that is pressed the red but only when both stimuli were presumption) then the pilot test was achieved successfully, if not the machine would reset itself and would have to be set again and the test would be administered again. This stag e was likewise a learning phase for both participants and reviewers as both were using this type of machine for the first time. Experiment 1.The participant stood on the test view of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button each time they saw a red light. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected simple reaction and selected the color red. . There was no target given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun.At the end of the experiment a mass signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only release if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was note by the observer. Experiment 2 The participant stood on the test human face of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button only when they saw the red light flash across the light panel.The participant was instructed not to press a button for any other discolor. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected selection reaction and pressed the clear colour button as well as the red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes.At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. Each reaction time was tell by the observer. Experiment 3 The participant stood on the test side of the mach ine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the colour they saw flash across the screen i. e. see green light, press green button. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun.At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was famous by the observer. Experiment 4 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press only the red button when they comprehend the high frequence sound.The observer then set the machine to real test, simple reaction tes t and selected high frequency sound. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes.Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 5 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button only when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be read y as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun.At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 6 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pir of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the frequency of sound they heard, i. e. high frequency= red button, middle frequency=green button and low frequency=yellow button.The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. This time there was no hand signal given to the participant by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer.

Prohibition in the United States and Christian Temperance Union

restraint, Why Did Americans Change Their Minds? Alcohol was thought to be the source of some(prenominal) of the demesnes problems. Issues like domestic violence, unemployment and poverty. The Womens Christian relief Union first introduced the idea of obstruction, the il heavyization of the buying, selling or consumption of alcohol. Prohibition was made official in 1919 as Nebraska became the 36th solid ground to ratify the proposal. Prohibition took effect one year later in 1920.In the beginning, prohibition had an overwhelming measuring stick of popularity from most of the ground however Americans pronto mixed bagd their mind. Prohibition ended in 1933 with the 21st amendment to the Constitution. The increase in horror across the nation, several negative financial aspects of prohibition, and the eventual increase in subversion and qualifying of national breastwork were all factors in the nations sudden change of heart. Perhaps the largest factor in the change was the overall increase in crime.The most horrifying statistic from the Prohibition while was the dramatic increase in homicides. Information taken from a FBI statistical report on homicides maintains that there was an excess of 9 homicides for every 100,000 people. on that point were more homicides during prohibition than during the upcoming decades, including both World War I and World War II (excluding deaths during combat). In order to continue the offer of alcohol, now illegal, underground operations began popping up in urban cities.Bootleggers ranged from middle class citizens and their homemade moonshine to an elaborate network smash with a supplier and several customers. With limits on legality enforcement and the extent of U. S. legal power, it was effortless for people to get around the law. The distance off a U. S. coastline and boarders be to be difficult areas for law enforcement to maintain. Bootleggers could often get out of U. S. jurisdiction and across the border t o either Mexico or Canada where alcohol was completely legal for sale and consumption.Another reason Americans changed their opinion was the negative effect prohibition had on several different financial aspects. Prohibition took away an enormous amount of income from the government, first with the absence of sales valuate on the illegal merchandise. whatever alcohol sold there could be no sales tax and thus gained no profit for the government. For all the tax that could have been dispassionate the country could have paid off their national debt with a wasted of $200,000,000 dollars according to research titled The Last Crusade written by Leslie Gordon.But first and fore most prohibition omit down factories. Manufacturers had to shut down plants governting Americans out of a job. Job loss gave prohibition a negative outlook. The third reason Americans eliminated prohibition in 1933 was the corruption at a government level and the loss of national restriction needed to enforce prohibition laws and limits. Stated by Mabel Willebrandt, Deputy U. S. lawyer General for Prohibition Enforcement, Senators, Congressmen and various government officials, disobeyed prohibition. The very people who put it into effect didnt follow it.And with the lack of law enforcement, only 3,500 state agents and flying squadrons monitoring the countrys borders, crimes slipped passed the eyes of the police constantly. Crimes besides occurred within the country unnoticed by police officers, causing assumptions towards law enforcement with questions on their relationship and involvement with the bootleggers and underground operations. Prohibition put the country in chaos. The increase in crime, lack of income for families and the government, and the government corruption and loss of restriction all became facctors in Americas decision to annul prohibition.

Managerial Accounting 505 Case Study Week 3

Grade 45/50 Managerial Accounting 505 shimmy Study Week 3 A. What is the break-even point in riders and revenues per month? hit Per UnitPercent Sales 160 X 90 $14,400$ 160 snow% Less varying apostrophize/expenses . 70 X 90 $ 6,300 $7044% character margin $ 8,100$9056% Less set(p) costs/expense $3,150,000 Net operating income $3,141,900 8,100 /14,400 = 56% 100 56 = 44% BEP in passengers ( furbish up costs / share margin) 3,150,000 / 90 = 35,000 passengers BEP in dollars (passenger per month X selling price) 35,000 X 160 = 5,600,000 B.What is the break-even point in routine of passenger contain gondolas per month? of sit per passenger train cars X Average misdirect broker BEP in passengers car per month 35,000/ (90x. 70) 35,000/ 63 = 556 passenger train per month C. If capital of Illinois declare raises its average passenger get to $190, it is estimated that the average consign mover forget decrease to 60%. What depart be the periodic break-even point in number of passenger cars? Total Per UnitPercent Selling Price $17,100$190100 Less shifting costs/expense$6,300$70 37 Contribution margin$10,800$12063 BEP in passengers ( heady cost / unit cm ) 3,150,000 / 120 = 26,250BEP in passengers per month in dollars (fixed costs / cm ratio) 3,150,000 / . 63 = 5,000,000 of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 60 = 54 BEP of passengers cars 26,250 / (90 X . 60) 54 = 486 passengers train cars per month D. Refer to original data. ) discharge cost is a signifi sack upt variable cost to any railway. If tender oil gains by $ 20 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will rise to $ 90. What will be the bracing break-even point in passengers and in number of passenger train cars? BEP in passengers laid operating cost / role margin 3,150,000/ 70 = 45,000 passengers per month BEP of passengers per car 90x. 70 = 63 passenger per car Passengers per month/passenger train cars 45,000/63= 714 passenger train car s per month E. capital of Illinois Express has experienced an increase in variable cost per passenger to $ 85 and an increase in nitty-gritty fixed cost to $ 3,600,000. The company has decided to raise the average fare to $ 205. If the evaluate rate is 30 percent, how many another(prenominal) passengers per month are unavoidable to generate an after-tax profit of $ 750,000? Before tax profit = after-tax profit /100%-tax rate % 750,000/(1. 00-. 30)= $1,071,429Before tax profit + fixed cost/New contribution margin $,1,071,429 + $3,600,000/($205-$85) = $4,671,429/$120 = 38928. 56 or 38,929 passenger per month. F. (Use original data). Springfield Express is considering offering a discounted fare of $ 120, which the company believes would increase the load factor to 80 percent. Only the additional seats would be interchange at the discounted fare. extra monthly advertising cost would be $ 180,000. How a good deal pre-tax income would the discounted fare volunteer Springfield Expre ss if the company has 50 passenger train cars per sidereal day, 30 days per month?Revenue= 90 x (. 80-. 70) x 120 x 50 x 30 + $180,000 = $1,800,000 inconsistent cost= $70 x ($1,800,000/discount fare ($120) = 1,050,000 Additional monthly advertising cost = $180,000 Revenue$1,800,000 Less protean cost($1,050,000) Contribution allowance $750,000 Less Advertising cost ($180,000) Pretax income discount fare provide.. $570,000 f of discounted seats = 90 X . 0 = 9 seats Contribution margin for discounted fares = $ 120 $ 70 = $ 50 X 9 discounted seats = $450 each train X 50 train cars per day X 30 days per month= $ 675,000 minus $ 180,000 additional fixed costs = $ 495,000 pretax income. G. Springfield Express has an opportunity to obtain a new passage that would be traveled 20 times per month. The company believes it can sell seats at $ 175 on the route, but the load factor would be only 60 percent. Fixed cost would increase by $ 250,000 per month for additional personnel, additional passenger train cars, maintenance, and so on. uncertain cost per passenger would remain at $ 70. 1. Should the company obtain the route? Revenue= 90 x (. 6) X $17520= $189,000 Variable cost= $70 x ($189,000/ fare ($175) = $75,600 Additional monthly Fixed cost = $250,000 Revenue$189,000 Less Variable cost($75,600) Contribution Margin $113,400 Less Fixed cost.. ($250,000) Pretax income loss. $136,000) The company should not go for the new route because they will lose money because the Total Additional Contribution Margin is not Additional Fixed Costs 2. How many passenger train cars must(prenominal) Springfield Express operate to take up pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Before tax profit + fixed cost/Contribution margin $120,000+$250,000 / ($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 0 = 54 Passengers per month/passenger train cars 3524/54 = 65. 25 or 65 passenger train cars ask 3. If the load factor could be i ncrease to 75 percent, how many passenger train cars must be operated to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Before tax profit + fixed cost/Contribution margin $120,000+$250,000/($175-$70) = 3,523. 81 or 3524 of seats per passenger train cars X Average load factor 90 X . 5 = 67. 50 Passengers per month/passenger train cars 3524/67. 50 = 52. 20 or 52 passenger train cars needed 4. What qualitative factors should be considered by Springfield Express in make its decision about acquiring this route? If fixed cost increased to $500,000 Fixed cost (25,000 X 2) = $500,000 = fixed cost + required profit)/contribution margin per seat = (500000 + 120000) / 61 = 62,0000 / 61 = 10164 SeatsSeat price average (131*10164) 1331484 Variable cost (70*10164) 711480 Contribution 620004 Fixed cost 500000 Income Fixed cost variable cost, contribution margin income loading factors should be considered before taking decision. 4. Springfield should consider such things as Connections to other Springfield trains that might be made by these passengers. Long-range potential for increased load factors change magnitude customer goodwill in this new market Increased physical exercise opportunities for labor in the area Competition in the market. 120004

Eva’s death Essay

Also at the beginning of the romance, Mr and Mrs. logrolling count across as a well-off couple who atomic number 18 genuinely well educated and in the public eye a cluster when Mr logrolling says to Gerald, I could be in line for a knighthood, providing secret code goes wrong. This means that if a scandal is linked with his family, then the public willing turn against him, and therefore he wont be open to jump a knighthood. Because of this, the audience wouldnt expect them to be watch in the means they did, and when we find out what they did, and the affect they had on Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton, its quite frightful to see that they were both more or lesshow involved in her death. And when we find out the rea word of honors behind what they did, it changes the impression we get of them, and you see that they ar quite selfish and take advantage of the power they have and who they see it upon. They are both quite wrapped up in their own lives, and anything that would lose them money or cause them grief, they take no watch of and dismiss the idea.Sheila and Eric are Mr and Mrs. Birlings children. At the beginning of the play Sheila comes across as a consequence childish and immature and possibly still relies on her mum and dad a lot when she say, yes, go on, mummy. You must drink our health. We get an impression of Sheila as being green and shallow, plainly her comment, snuff it summer, when you never came near me, which refers to Gerald, whitethorn suggest to us that she isnt as stupid as she may seem.Eric seems a bit more mischievous and much more naive than Sheila, in the way he talks and how he acts. He seems em lugrassed and sickening, as in brief as he is mentioned in the play, as it says, Eric suddenly guffaws, and then doesnt tell the other characters why he came out with it, which suggests he is nervous about something, which we later find out that it is the money he recently stole from his military chaplain, Mr. Birling. hI thin k Mr and Mrs. Birling are more sheepish of Eric and careful that he doesnt do anything stupid to embarrass the family, but the family seem to get on with each(prenominal) other quite well, although you get the impression that there is some tension between Eric and Mr. Birling, when Gerald, Mr. Birling and Eric are talking about womens love of clothes before the tester arrives.Sheila also has a link with Eva, who was employed at Milwards, because Sheila public opinion Eva, was laughing at her when she act on a dress that didnt movement her. Eva was prettier than Sheila and the dress suited her more, which do Sheila irritated and envious of Eva, so she was conscience-smitten of a deadly sin, which was envy. Erics link with Eva was that he met her in the rook bar one thing lead to another and he got her pregnant, which made him illegal of lust towards Eva. Although Eric doesnt seem precise responsible he shows some initiative, as he was concerned enough to give Eva some mon ey, which shows his priority was Evas future and not necessarily the consequences of stealing from Mr. Birlings office.I dont think the audience are too shocked to find out what Eric and Sheila are capable of, because they are young and quite naive, and they dont seem to have much empathy towards other hatful, maybe because they havent experienced the things Eva has before. Their actions can be linked to their parents as they have a lot of power, so this may be filtered down to them, which they might exploit and take advantage of.By the end of the play Eric and Sheila have changed more than the other characters. Sheila feels extremely guilty for what she has done to Eva and frequently cries and sobs when the Inspector mentions Eva in the infirmary. Eric also feels guilty for what he did to Eva, he says, the girls dead and we all serve welled to kill her- and thats what matters. I think they have both changed because they are young and impressionable, whereas Mr and Mrs. Birling re fuse to take responsibility for Evas death to save their reputation, and they have never been forced to examine their consciences before and they find that they cant do it now, and are relieved when they find out the Inspector wasnt real and want to forget about it and move on.At the break of the play we find out that Gerald is from a family who are socially damp than the Birlings. We know this because after Mr.Birling tells Gerald he has the same bearing as his father gets, Gerald says, The governor prides himself on being a good judge of port. Gerald is also described as an attractive chap about thirty, kinda too manly to be a dandy but very much the easy well-bred man-about-town. We also know that he is the son of Lord and Lady Croft, and we are given the impression that they are not to keen on the engagement of Gerald and Sheila as they didnt accept the invitation to the dinner. This makes us wander why Gerald would want to marry a woman of a lower status than him.Gerald was involved with Eva when he met her at the castle bar and let her stay in his friends empty like a shot in Bromley, as she had nowhere to stay, and he felt sorry for her. Eva, or Daisy Renton as Gerald knew her as, was his mistress for a time until she had to move out because Gerald was external on business.His involvement with Eva was different to the rest of the characters, because he actually tried to help her and did something good. In a way his actions are the most shocking because he is better-off than even the Birlings, so you wouldnt expect him to help out someone like Eva who hangs around in places like the palace bar, and you would have thought he would look down on people like her, and have no sympathy for them. I dont think his actions fit in with the Gerald at the beginning of the play because he tells Sheila the reason why he didnt see her much last summer was because he was busy at work, when he was with Eva at the flat, so we find out he was lying to Sheila, which you wouldnt have thought hed do as he says he wants to be part of the family and they seem to have a lot of respect for each other.Although Gerald seems moved by the news of Evas death, he isnt altogether willing to admit his involvement with her, and this could be because of the same reason as Mr. Birling, that he wants to protect his own interests. At the end of the play he tries to come up with as much evidence as realistic to prove that the Inspector isnt real, which could potentially get him off the hook, if he could convince the rest of the characters that they had been hoaxed.

Extended Definiton of Emo

Frances Louise Y. GarayFinal Draft of Extended Definition Paper 11048492 A57 Emo I wish my lawn mower was emo so it would cut itself. Isnt the word emo instanter a very familiar word to refer a slightlyone who is feeling gloomy, heartbroken and discourage? Nowadays, the word emo is utilize as an adjectival to fall upon a person who cuts himself or a person who feels depressed whenever the rain is pouring hard and stargons at it while listening to some wound up songs or senti songs.Emo is an abbreviation of emotional hardcore that originated in the mid-1980s from the hardcore puck movement of Washington, D. C. Emo is a style of rock euphony typically characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often confessional lyrics. Emo, in modern time, used to describe people who are depressed and cut themselves. Emo is a unexampled person who is considered to be over-emotional or stereotypically emo. The word emo actually means a s something of a put-down for the kids who re ally like Rites of Spring and Indian Summer (Emo bands).The word emo is now used to describe people who wear mold like side bangs, tight pants, wearying black or sweater vest, chains and spiky bracelets. Emo people usually wear trace clothes and tight pants. However, happy people are usually seen wearing and light-colored clothes. In addition, a happy person has an aura of an uplifting, glad and happy-go-lucky subject of person. They also have an aura that makes you comfortable and delightful. contrasted an emo person, it can give you a bad feeling, weird and pessimistic type of person when you see them.In terms of side, an emo person is usually depressed, emotional, dramatic, sensitive, expressive and heartbroken. They are also always feeling insecure and in pain. They have get-go self-esteem and they are anti-social. In contrast, a happy person has an attitude of existence an optimistic, smiling, open-minded, jolly, confident and sociable type of person. Emos confessiona l lyrics are the reasons wherefore people used the word emo to describe a person who is being dramatic, emotional and expressive to what they feel.Because of the lyrics of the song about the pain they felt and it should be expressed, it encouraged teenagers to cut themselves. It also encouraged them to become a lone hand and lose their ego because of their problems to other people. Lastly, it encouraged them to have a sort trend of wearing black clothes and punk hairstyles because of the emo bands that made this fashion trend famous. Emo is a style of rock music typically characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive often confessional lyrics.The word emo is now used to describe people who are wearing dark clothes and tight pants, emotional and pessimistic kind of person. Because of this, it encouraged them to be different in society, to be a loser and to cut themselves. The word emo helped us in delimit things around us. Instead of saying that person looks so depressed or is being so sad, we can just say hes just being emo today. Though words can change its nitty-gritty overtime, it still, somehow contain the same thought of how the word was first used.

City of Granston Study Case Essay

1 What evidence exists in this case of potentiality provider collusion?The evidence that exists in the case of potential supplier collusion is that each chose to bit only on certain types of aggregates, which is precise suspicious and raises further concern.2 How does a purchaser know he or she is getting a fair price in a bid situation?Awareness of the many cost components that lead to a target cost and market price is an essential requirement for the pandar who wishes to assess whether the person is getting good value3 wherefore would suppliers voluntarily lower prices on a fixed price strike?This again shows signs of collusion, but in this case we can also watch that since there were a slump in the local construction industry, they displace their prices to turn back business and renew entreat with their current buyer.4 Is it sound to adjust price based on a general splashiness index?I think is reasonable to create a contract where the supplier adjusts their price based on a general fanfare index. I think if helps the supplier to generate revenue, generate work and keep a fair price for the buyer where the inflation rate keeps rising.5 How should the performance of a public buying office be mensurable?Cost saving generatedIncreased qualityPurchasing improvementsPrice strong suit

Development and use of explosives over the past century

The history of detonatives and dynamics, in addition cognise generally as zippy materials began with the material known as gun powderise or minatory powder, whether the think engage was for civil applications much(prenominal) as rock blasting, phalanx occasions in demolition, shell filling (bursting force outs) and construction projects, or soldiers and civilian dynamic charges for short guns, pistols, rifles or artillery. The individual inventor of black powder pull up stakes undoubtedly forever remain unknown, entirely numerous writers such as Drinker (1878), Munroe (1888), Marshall (1915), and Davis (1941, 1943), described what is known about its development and evolution.Until the uncovering of processd explosive compounds such as nitrocellulose by schonbein and Bottger (independently of cardinal an other) and tri glyceryl trinitrate by Sobrero (all occurring in 1846), the only explosive available for any conception was black powder. 1) Solid (particulate) p ropulsives 2) Military explosives 3) Commercial explosives. Propellants Propellants whitethorn be granular, solid, or liquid. The primary focus was on granular (particulate) material since they are the or so commonly encountered by the forensic pill roller.Solid propellants are deflagrating materials designed to accelerate a projectile from its position of rest at the breech of a artillery unit to its full velocity as it exits the tube or barrel. In the model (and designed for case), the complete consumption of the propellant and the exit of projectile occurs at the alike instant. Propellant gains are thus chemically formulated and physically designed to achieve this end. The gains burn particle to particle at speeds under the speed of sound in the material this defined the word deflagrating. historically such materials chip in been termed progressive powders.In addition to burning particle- to- particle ruin from its free surface in fightd or, in the case of perforated gra ins, similarly from the free surface out ward. This characteristic enables the propellant designer to size and configure the grains or particles to be totally consumed at the optimum instant. Propellant gains may be found in multitude of shapes and sizes, as might be expected given the varieties of weapons and desired pressures and projectile velocities. sick powder Black powder is the mixture of three components, generally (and originally) charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate.These are typically in the ratio of 151075. Many variations to that ratio confine been utilize Cundill (1889) lists over 20 varieties, many with sub varieties. Most of the differences, however, are insignificant. The one major development in the past 100 old age is the use of sodium nitrate in some black powder grades. Black powder has an inherent drawback as a military propellant due to the fact that it produces a solid reaction product. Because of this, a unintelligible black cloud is produced upon firing weapon is readily apparent, and after a result of downs are fired the volume of battlefield smoke leads to disarray and general chaos.For this reason the development of the smokeless propellant charge was an prey of every governments weapons laboratory. Upon the discovery of the nitration reaction this research intensified. Smokeless powder The early history of the nitrated carbohydrates, which includes the 1833 discovery of nitro-starch (called xyloidine by its discoverer, Braconnot) and guncotton, called pyroxyline or pyroxyle be the chemist Pelouze, is thoroughly covered by Devis (1941).Guncotton, nitrocellulose of high nitrogen electrical capacity (13. 35% to 13. 45%), was the first nitrated material to be tried as a replacement for black powder, hardly it was too prone to accidents. omit its military use continued after it was found that the newly invented quicksilver fulminate blasting cap would cause compressed guncotton to detonate, in the lead to its appli cation as a demolition charge and shell filling. Its use was rather short lived, however due to the introduction of picric acid.Research was continued on nitrocellulose of lower nitrogen content as a propellant material, and the first good smokeless riffle powder was produced by Vielle in 1886, for the French Government. This was nitrocellulose with either alcohol, kneaded in bread making eccentric person machine, rolled out into thin sheets, and then cut into small squares and desiccate (Military Explosives, 1924). This was a single base smokeless powder (nitrocellulose only). In 1888 Nobel invented a powder called Ballistite, which was a low nitrated nitrocotton gelatinized with nitroglycerin which came to be known as double base powder.In the same year Cordite (given that name because it was extruded in the form of cord or ribbon), a mixture of high nitrated guncotton, nitroglycerine, and Vaseline, gelatinized by way of life if acetone was developed by an English Committee. (M arshall, 1915) Later trey base smokeless powder were developed, containing nitro guanidine in addition to the nitrocotton and nitroglycerin of typical double base powders. Triple base powders were cooler-burning than the single or double base materials and use was mainly restricted to large bore-hole weapons.Developments in smokeless powder since those early days had been primarily to modify stability, decrease the erosion of the barrel of the weapon, control pressures, decrease smoke outturn (smokeless powders are smokeless in comparison to black powder, but still produce visible smoke), and to decrease the muzzle flash from a firing weapon. The geometry of powders may include flakes, tubes, cylinders, sticks, flattened balls, or spheres. Military Explosives As black powder was the first propellant, so it was the first military explosive too.It was employ for shell filling, demolition, and military construction projects from the earliest times up until the invention of nitrogl ycerin. Military explosives as discussed here are those used as the shell filing or bursting charge in artillery round and those explosives used for demolition charges. Military construction projects typically use commercial-type explosives, except in field-expedient situations. The brief use of guncotton as a military explosive was noted above. Trinitrotoluene (TNT)During and after World struggle I the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT, C7H5N3O6) became the dominant shell filling and demolition charge material. TNT has the advantage of macrocosm very easy to cast, since it has a broad(a) spread between its melting and decomposition temperatures. One disadvantage is its essential insensitivity. In the order to conserve TNT for small caliber shells in World War I, a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate (amatol) was developed. It was specified for use only in shell of $. 7-inch to 9. 2-inch diameter (Crowell, 1919) but in actual practice it was used in all sizes.For the same reason of conserving TNT, nitro starch explosives were used very successfully in that war for drop dead grenades and trench mortar shells (Williams, 1920). Tetryl Tetryl (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyllmethylnitramine, N-2, 4, 6-tetra-nitro-N-methyl aniline, or picrylmethyl nitramine) was used in military boosters, but has generally been replaced by materials such as RDX and HMX. The tetrytols are mixtures of tetryl and TNT, which were employ in boosters, demolition charges, shells, and shaped charges. The TNT generally ranged from 20 to 35 percent of the mixture.An advantage of tetrytol is that it allows the casting of the explosive into munitions rather than requiring pressing. It is also to a greater extent powerful than TNT, but not as sensitive as tetryl alone. RDX and HMX surrounded by the military personnel Wars a number of explosives were developed, and after the start of the second war a vast amount of explosives research took place. One of the most of the essence(p) and useful milita ry explosive is RDX (an acronym for Research Department Explosive), which was observe in 1899, but not used until World War II.It is also called cyclonite, hexagen, and cyclo-trimethylenetrinitramine. HMX was another explosive used for military applications during and after World War II. The initials are said to stand for High Melting Explosive, although other sources for the acronym are sometimes cited. It is also called cyclo-tetramethylenetetranitramine or octogen. (Beveridge 1-4) Blasting and Use of Explosives solo authorized persons can handle and use explosives. No person exploitation explosives is allowed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs.Nothing which could be an lighting source, such as matches, open flames, or smokers, is to be around explosives. answerableness is required to assure that explosives are under the care of a competent person. All blasting aboveground is done between sunup and sunset and, when blasting is done, blasters are to take special pr ecaution near semipublic utilities, around transportation conveyances, and near public areas to assure safety and excuse any damage. Care must be taken to assure that unintended premature ignition does not occur from stray electrical sources or radio transmitters.The blaster is to be considered a competent person in the use and care of explosives, and have experience with the type of blasting methods being used. The transportation of explosive and blasting materials must conform to the department of merchant marine regulatory provisions. Drivers of trucks containing explosives and blasting equipment must be licensed and should be in good physical and mental condition. No blasting materials are to be transported with other cargo and blasting caps are not to be transported in the same vehicle as other explosives.These vehicles should be marked with a placard signifying Explosives and have a fully charged fire extinguisher. (Reese, Edison 648) various(a) uses of an Explosive Blas ting is exceedingly important both to mining and the world economy. The saying is often used, If it cant be grown it has to be exploit, however if the ground is too hard to be mechanically mined economically, it has to be blasted. Certainly many materials, such as iron, copper and cover to name but a few would be significantly more expensive if it werent for explosives and our ability to easily drill holes to use these explosives efficiently.Shock vagabond compression technology is not only a means of extremely high-pressure generation, but also a means of extremely high-temperature exertion in solids. When dynamite shock load is applied to solids by means of explosive and high-speed impact, the shock pressure and the shock temperature generated depend on the shock load and the density of the solid. Between 1985 and early 1991, there were 182 inflammatory or explosive devices planted in Great Britain by animal-rights activists.This number accounted for approximately 50 percent of all explosive devices planted in all of Great Britain, making it numerically a larger bother in Great Britain than incidents attributed to the provisional Irish Republican Army. However, the majority of these devices were removed less sophisticated and far less dangerous than the PIRA devices. In 1980 in Great Britain, the first use of high explosives by animal-rights terrorists took place. These acts appear to have been perpetrates by a small group, which had obtained a high explosive used both in military operations and in commercial applications, such as quarries.First it was used against the staff restaurant at Bristol University, where a 5-puound misfire was set off about midnight, wrecking about two floors of the building. more(prenominal) recently in 1990, the same explosive was used presumably by the same group in two car bobs. In one case, a passing infant was severely wounded. Conclusion During the past centuries, it has been proven that there is a beginning intern ational acknowledgement of the future learn for demolition of plants and buildings. There is also evidence of an increasing interest in demolition techniques and the re-use of building materials.There are literally hundreds of different types of explosives, varying from black powder used in pipe bombs (still a favorite of municipal bombers), to dynamite sticks, and from blocks of TNT to plastic explosives that can be molded into diverse forms, including thin sheets. A dozen or so of the most famed explosives are used by the terrorists. Of particular note are the explosives RDX and PETN which, unitedly with plastic and other fillers, compose many plastic explosives such as Detasheet and SEMTEX.Explosives are mostly harmful (destructive) but on the other hand in many cases they are useful (constructive) too. Doctors, Engineers use explosives in a constructive way while at the same time criminals and terrorists use explosive in the destructive way. There are many uses of explosives such as Mining, Pyrotechnics, Building Demolition and even Construction. Explosives are also used in Carve Mount Rushmore, Avalanches and are used in backcountry for jumper lead Maintenance. Explosive are used in Medicines to break-up kidney-stones.Works citedBeveridge, Alexander. Forensic investigating of Explosions. New York CRC Press, 1998. 1,2,3,4Kasai, Yoshio. Kenkyuio, Kenchiku, Kensetsusho. (Japan), Nihon Daigaku. Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry Proceedings of the Second.New York Taylor & Francis, 1998. 49Technology against terrorism the federal effort, US DIANE Publishing, (1992)Reese, D. Charles. Eidson, V. James. Handbook of OSHA Construction prophylactic and Health New York CRC Press, 2006. 648

The Lenape Indians

data track head THE LENAPE INDIANS The Lenape Indians atomic number 91 and Local Hi account The Lenape Indians The Delaware River, named after Sir Thomas West, entitle de la Warr the g everywherenor of the Jamestown colony, flows from the Catskill Mountains in advanced York to the Delaware Bay along the borders of new-fashioned Jersey and Delaware. The Delaware River meanders along and degrees the boundary of kick in- mean solar day Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The get-go cognize inhabitants living along the banks of the Delaware River were the Eastern Wood state of matter natives cognize as the Lenape Indians sometimes called the Lenni Lenape or the Delaware Indians.Lenape stands for common or ordinary people and they called their cut along the Delaware River Lenapehoking meaning Land of the Lenape (Kraft, 2005). At one time, the area know as Lenapehoking covered the southmosteastern dowery of New York (including Staten Is fetch and the western portion of Long Island), the southwestern portion of Connecticut, Eastern Pennsylvania, all of New Jersey, and the northeasterly portion of Delaware along the Delaware Bay (Kraft, 2005). Evidence of the Lenape Indians social move handst in this geographic country dates back 3,000 years.The Lenapes send-off encountered the Europeans during the 16th Century. The sight artifacts, the writings of the European settlers, and the stories passed down through the generations of Lenapes give us the story of the life and customs of the Lenape Indians as it was back during that time period. Two intelligibly large sorts of Lenape Indians, separated by geographic constituents, do up what was known as Lenapehoking. The group of Lenape living north of what is today the Delaware Water disruption spoke a Munsee dialect and the group to the south spoke a Unami dialect (Lenape Life ways, Inc, 2002).These two groups of Lenape Indians were organized into umpteen bands which the Europeans called tribes. These small gr oups lived along the streams and rivers at the edge of the thick timbers. In the northern Munsee group, the bands included the Raritan, Hackensack, Tappan, and Minisink Indians. The Unami group to the south consisted of the bands known as the Siconese, Mantaes, Remkokes, and Sankhikan Indians (Kraft, 2005). Each band of Lenapes had three separate clans similarly known as phratry the turtle clan, the wolf clan, and the turkey clan. entirely Lenapes belonged to one of these three clans (Kraft, 2005).The extended families within each band were link through their come. Clan membership was always passed down through the mothers lineage. Each family group consisted of the mother and all her children and their children, the grandmother, and the mothers brothers and sisters and their children. The Lenape married in their teens and were required to marry someone from a incompatible clan. The new husband left his clan and moved in with his married womans family. Their children and gran dchildren always stayed with their mothers clan (Grumet, 1989). The Lenape spend practically of their time working out-of doors.This accounted for their tanned skin coloring and their muscular physique. The males spent their days hunting, trapping, and fishing. The men did the heavy work such as clarification the forests for their homes and gardens, building their shelters, and making tools out of stone and animal bones which were obligatory for them to hunt, sew, and garden. All pieces of the animals they hunted were utilise for some practical tool, pieces of clothing or blankets, or decoration. The woman kept busy caring for the children, cookery, gardening, sewing, scavenging for sustenance, herbs and leavenwood in the forests, and preparing food for storage.Their clothing was minimal in the warmer weather. When it got colder, both the males and females wore leggings, fur robes, and moccasins (Kraft, 2005) made from the hides of the animals they hunted. Their clothing wa s often decorated with seeds, shells, and paints. The Lenape were seasonal travelers and always returned to their homeland for the spend seasons. During the warmer weather they traveled to trade with the other bands in their region or with other Indian tribes in contrastive territories as fartherthermost away as the Carolinas and the Mississippi Valley (Grumet, 1989).They mostly traveled on foot following animal trails or streambeds. The Lenape traveled by pissing when the streams and lakes were not frozen. On water they traveled by dugouts which were a uninitiate type of the canoe. These dugouts were made from large trunks of trees. The Lenape would origin a fire at a base of a tree to fell the tree, start a fire in the gist of the tree trunk to cushion it, and then use their handmade tools to dig out the ash from the center until it was hollowed out enough to float. In 1955, an 18 foot long chromatic dugout believed to be from the Lenape Indians circa 600-1700s washed up from Lake Wallenpaupack in northeastern Pennsylvania during the flooding that occurred during Hurricane Diane. It is now on display at the PP&L Education Center in the Pocono Mountains. The Lenape Indians appointed a village leader they called the sachem who helped make decisions for the group. This was always a male who was deemed wise and masterly who received advice from the other village elders. He was knowledgeable about their devotion and led the group in their rituals and ceremonies. When the Europeans arrived and met the Indians, they called these leaders the Indian Chiefs.This Chief was different from the war chiefs who were the tribes skilled hunters. Another leader in the Lenape village was the Medicine Man or Woman. This leader was knowledgeable in the various teas, herbs, and poultices that were used to heal the sick and wounded. In addition to the herbs, the Lenape searched the forest for wild fruits and berries. They cleared areas of the forests around their homes to be used for gardens. The main inelegant crops that they planted and harvested, known as the three sisters, were beans, squash, and corn or corn (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002).Their shelters were either smaller wigwams or teepees which held two to three families or the a good deal larger longhouses which were up to 60 feet long and held up to 25 people. The men built these shelters from many rows of saplings they bent to meet in the center to form a domed roof and then covered them with overlaying pieces of bark from chestnut or elm trees. There were no windows in these shelters only a door at each end of the longhouse which was covered with animal skins to pass the cold weather out.Open fires were built inside the shelters for warmth and cooking therefore openings were left in the domed roofs to allow the smoke to bleed (Kraft, 2005). This is what the first Europeans were greeted with along the Delaware River valley when they arrived in the archaean 16th Century. The first outsider to see the Lenape Indians was the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in the early 1500s when he entered the Hudson Bay. His writings told of what the Lenape Indians looked like and how gentile they were (Grumet, 1989).The next group of Europeans to encounter the Lenape Indians was the Dutch settlers in early 1600s. The Dutch traded furs with the Lenape for their more corking metal tools. As the trading expanded, the Europeans and the native Lenape soon engaged in hostilities. The Europeans were interested in the furs, mostly favored was the beaver fur, and the acquisition of the luxuriant land that the Lenape inhabited (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002). Other than trading, the Europeans introduced many diseases that the Lenape had no immunities to.These diseases consisted of smallpox, measles, mumps, and scarlet febrility and they proceeded to devastate the natives population. Warfare and the introduction of alcohol from the colonists throw out contributed to the decli ne of the Lenape population. Where once there were over 24,000 Indians residing in Lenapehoking after the reaching of the Europeans, the population dwindled to less than 3,000 by the beginning of the 1700s (Grumet, 1989, p. 34). The Lenapes other prized self-command was the beads they created from the shells littering the coastal shores of Lenapehoking.The natives called these purple and white beads wampum and the Europeans used these as currency with the Indians (Grumet, 1989). As the Lenape depleted their crops and animals with their hunting and trading, they expanded their communities to the Ohio region in the 1600s. Many of the Lenape Indians moved away from Lenapehoking across the Allegheny Mountains to the Susquehanna River valley to average distance themselves from the Europeans and because of the various land acquisitions and treaties that were signed.This westward migration of the Lenapes caused conflicts with other Indian tribes and continue conflicts with the Dutch set tlers led to ravaged Indian and European communities (Grumet, 1989). These treaties and early gross sales givements were signed by the Lenapes for the sale of their lands. One such infamous agreement was the 1737 paseo Purchase. William Penns sons, Thomas and James, wishing to increase their income through land sales, found an old treaty from 1686 that was never used. This treaty would grant to the proprietors of Pennsylvania as much Lenape land north along the Delaware River as far as a man could walk in a day and a half.In 1737, the Penn brothers convinced the then four Lenape Indian Chiefs to agree to hold to their end of this agreement that their fore set abouts had signed (Miller & Pencak, 2002). William Penn, a Quaker and crock up of Pennsylvania, dealt fairly with the Indian natives, but his sons who took over after he returned to England began to pull together more and more land and took advantage of the trust the Lenapes had formed toward the colonists when their fath er was there. Land was extremely important to the Lenape Indians, but the four Lenape Indian Chiefs persuasion the treaty was a genuine treaty signed by heir ancestors, and figuring a man could only walk a misfortunate distance over that wilderness in a day and a half, agreed to honor the treaty. What ensued was that Penns heirs, hired the three fastest runners in the colony and had them run for the purchase on a well intend trail. The three runners started in what is today Wrightstown, New Jersey and the pace was so intense that only one of the runners actually made it as far as what is today known as Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. This distance was about 70 miles and allowed the Penns to acquire roughly 1,200,000 acres of land in what was Lenapehoking.The area of land that was part of the Walking Purchase covers what is the size of the state of Rhode Island consisting of what is most of the present day counties of Pike, Monroe, Carbon, Schuylkill, Northampton, Lehigh, and Bucks. The four Lenape leaders felt that they had been swindled by the colonists but honor it because of the treaty they had signed (Walking Purchase, 2009). This forced the Lenape natives into the other areas of Lenapehoking causing over-crowding which as well as led to their migration further west. directly most of the Lenape Indians reside in okeh and Canada but some still reside in their ancestral lands in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Nora Thompson Dean was believed to be one of the last known full-blooded Lenape Indians along with her brother Edward Leonard Thompson. Her Indian name was Touching Leaves and she lived her boastful years in Oklahoma. Touching Leaves died in 1984 and her brother died in 2002. They belonged to the Confederate territory of Lenapehoking and were one of the few who could still speak the Unami dialect of the Lenape Indians (Rem, 1984).Today you can still find evidence of the life of the Lenape Indians through the artifacts discovered along the valleys and coa sts of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. The archaeological sites in the Delaware Valley have yielded many artifacts such as spearheads, arrowheads, knives, and remains of clay cooking pots that tell us of the purification of the Lenape Indians. Many streets, towns, parks and waterways bear the Lenape names in the Delaware River regions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. Some of these are Manhattan, Hackensack, Allegheny, Catasauqua, Cocalico, Conshohocken, Catawissa, to name a few (Lenape Lifeways, Inc, 2002).The Lenape tribe was considered to be one of the most advanced and civilized of all Indian tribes in Eastern United States. The Pocono Indian Museum in Bushkill, Pennsylvania is the home to many of these artifacts. Today there are Delaware Indian Reservations in Indian dirt in Oklahoma and two in Ontario, Canada. Only on these reservations does the politics recognized the tribal governments. The Lenape elders continue to pass down their traditions and old ways to the newer generations. The Delaware Indians today continue to struggle to preserve their traditions and identities.There are over 13,000 Delaware Indians registered today and recognized by the United States and Canadian governments and many thousands more claim Delaware ancestry. Very few are able to speak their ancestors lyric poem (Grumet, 1989). The children on the reservations attend classes rich in the teachings of the arts and traditions of the Lenape ways. References Grumet, R. S. (1989). The Lenapes. (F. W. Porter, III, Ed. ). New York and Philadelphia Chelsea sept Publishers. Kraft, H. C. (2005). The Lenape or Delaware Indians (8th ed. ). Stanhope, NJ Lenape Lifeways, Inc.Lenape Lifeways, Inc (2002). About The Lenapes. Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http//lenapelifeways. org/lenape1. htm Miller, R. M. , & Pencak, W. (Eds. ). (2002). Pennsylvania A history of the Commonwealth. University Park, PA The Pennsylvania State University Press. Rem, J. (1984, December 1). Obit of D ean, Nora T. Bartlesville Examiner-Enterprise. Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http//files. usgwarchives. org/ok/washington/obits/d5000085. txt Walking Purchase. (2009). Retrieved December 4, 2009, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Walking_Purchase

Gelatin: Colloid and Conductivity Essay

In recent years there has been a revival meeting of interest in the micellar hypothesis of twist proposed by Nt jellyatini in 1852 as a theory for the coordinate of protoplasm. This theory has been taken oer by colloid chemists and applied to the organize of many colloids as a lead of the work of Zsigmondy (1), Pauli (2), McBaln (3, 4) and their co- workers. Laing and McBain (4) have further extended the micellar theory to the so- changeatinee transformation by proposing that the micellar unit of the gel give tongue to is equal with that in the sol.According to these authors all(a) in all that is necessary is to assume that the particles become stuck together or oriented into unblock aggregates, which may be chance granules or, more probably threads. This c onception is ground on a get word of atomic number 11 oleate, for which they engraft that in hatred of the enormous channelise in viscosity convolute in the change from sol to gel, such properties as electri cal conduction, lowering of the vapor pressure, refractive index, and sodium ion submersion remained identical in both the sol and the gel recount.In support of their theory, Laing and McBain point egress that Arrhenius (5) found the conduction in colloidal gel-water-salt systems to be the same in both sol and gel. This aspect of the micellar theory has been extended by Gelfan (6) to protoplasm because he found that the conduction of protoplasm remained independent of changes in viscosity and by Gelfan and Quigley (7) to the fund coagulation serve up since their experiments showed that during the coagulation process there is no change in the conductivity of shed whole blood or plasma, in spite of the most infinite increase in viscosity during coagulation.In view of the concentration of senseless electrolytes in the jelly experiments of Arrhenius, as well as in protoplasm and in blood, the question arises whether the generalization from the findings on sodium oleate to a ll gelling systems, particularly among the proteins, is valid.In other words, is the identity of conductivity in the sol and gel state due(p) to an identical micellar structure of these protein sys- tems, or is it due to the conductivity of the excess electrolytes being so much greater than the conductivity of the ionized protein salts that the oddment in conductivity produced by the structural changes involved in the sol-gel transformation was not detectable by the experimental modus operandi employed?That there is little or no change in the conductivity and diffusibility of lectrolytes in colloidal systems on changing from sol to gel has long been known and is not a vital point in connection with the micellar theory of Lalng and McBain, since all theories of gel structure postulate that the structure pro- duced is enormous in size comp bed with ionic dimensions and thus exerts almost no hindering effect on ionic movement. To obtain a awash(predicate) insight into the question, the following study has been carried out on the conductivity of gelatin sols and gels. Gelatin was selected because it is an example of a protein capable of undergoing a reversible sol-gel transformation.In carrying out the study we had in mind the work of Krishnamurti (8) who, from a study of the light-scattering in sols and gels of agar, has concluded that the micellar structures in the two states ar not identical and also that of Craig and Schmidt (9) who found disagreements mingled with the refractive indices of gelatin sols and gels. Experimental outgrowth In measuring the conductivity, the Kohlrausch principle was employed, with the difference that a one-stage vacuum resistance amplifier was introduced in the midst of the bridge and the telephone, which make it readily possible to make measure- ments straight to 0. per cent.The source of the bridge current was a General Radio Oscillator, and the talent of the conducting cell was balanced in parallel by the setting of an adaptable condensor. The conductivity cell used through- out the experiments was of the bottle type, constructed of Pyrex glass. A ther- mometer, exculpated to 0. 1 A, was fitted into the neck of the ceil in such a foc exploitation that it could be immersed in the gelatin without interfering with the continuity of the liquid betweeen the electrodes. every(prenominal) measurements were made at 25AC. Difco granular gelatin was used in the experiments.It was purified and made ash-free according to the procedure described by Loeb (10). The purified gelatin on analysis was found to be totally ash-free and in aqueous root words to have a pH nourish of 4. 75 as measured by the henry electrode. The analysis of the gelatin in the experimental solutions was carried out by evaporating l0 cc. portions to sombreness in porcelain crucibles and then heating at 110AC. to constant weight. The plan of the experiments was to untoughened the gelatin to a temperature of about 37* to obtain the sol, fill the conductivity cell with he liquid gelatin, and then immerse the filled ceil in an oil thermostat kept at 25*. The leads of the con- ductivity bridge were connected with the ceil and when the temperature of the gelatin fell to 25 A as shown by the thermometer immersed in the gelatin, the con- ductivity indicant was first taken, and then further readings were made at mingled time intervals. To check the conductivity readings, the gelatin in the cell was once again warmed up to 37 A and the procedure repeated.To obtain the conductivity of the gel, the cell filled with gelatin was cooled down in an ice pectus to about 10 A to obtain a unswerving gel. The conductivity cell was then returned to the 25 A bath and the conductivity reading taken when the gel reached the 25Atemperature. As with the sol, the readings for the gel were checked by repeat the cooling. The experiments carried out were first, a series at different concen- trations of the pure isoelectric gela tin itself to determine the effect of variation in the concentration of gelatin.The results of this series are given in submit I. In this series, it was found that all concentrations of gelatin above 1 per cent set to a soused gel at 25 A, but that concen- trations of 1 per cent or less remained in a semiliquid state at this temperature. From the results on the pure gelatin, a concentration of gelatin was selected that would set to a firm gel at the temperature of the conductivity measurements, namely, about 3 per cent, and experiments were next carried out on the effects of electrolytes on the conductivity of the sol-gel transformation.The electrolytes used were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride at varying concentrations. The results of these experiments are re- corded in Table II where there are recorded the gelatin content, the concentration of electrolyte added, the conductivity of sol and gel respectively, and the percentage difference of conductivity b etween the two states.In the measurement of the conductivity of the gelatin sols and gels it was found, leave out for those samples where there was no difference in conductivity between sol and gel, that the conductivity did not cook a constant value as soon as the 25 A temperature was attained, but on the contrary, continued to drift slowly however though the temperature remained unchanged thereafter.This drift was in the direction of a fall conductivity for the sol and an increasing conductivity for the gel, which on being allowed fitting time, starting from either The lack of correspondence to a small item between the gelatin concentration and the conductivity in certain of the experiments listed is explained by the drift in the conductivity noted in the text which makes an drive reproducibility in gelatin solutions impossible. the sol or gel state, lastly reached a constant value representative of the equilibrium state of the gelatin at that temperature. In the present ex periments, this equilibrium state for all except the 0. 9 percent gelatin of Table I was a firm gel.In the experiments where no difference in conductivity was found between the sol and gel condition, this drift was absent and in these samples when the thermostat tem-perature was once attained, the conductivity became constant. This was the result found for the first experiment of Table I, with a con- centration of 0. 90 per cent gelatin for which a semiliquid state was the state at 25 A and for the experiments of Table II where the con- ductivity difference between sol and gel was zero although firm gels were stable at the 25 A temperature.The conductivity figures for the rest of the experiments in Tables I and II are the values measured just after the thermostat temperature was attained by the gelatin. The data with the pure gelatin and the electrolyte-containing gelatin solutions are not in accord with McBains theory. Rather they are in harmony with the point of view that there i s a distinct difference in the micellar units of the sol and gel state when a definite firm gel is formed.The gel state shows the lower conductivity of the two forms, which would be expected if the micellar unit of the gel is composed of aggre- gates of the sol micelles, thus naturally resulting in a lower electrical mobility. That the difference in conductivity is due principally to electrical changes accompanying the structural changes of the sol-gel transformation is indicated by the experiments of Table I. Since in these experiments, the gelatin was completely ash-free, the measured conductivity can only be a measure of the electrical charge of the gelatin in the solution and the accompanying hydrogen ions.From the pH value of 4. 75 given by these solutions, the hydrogen ion concentration is less than 2 A 10 -5 tools per liter, which, using the value of 350 for the hydrogen ion mobility, leads to the value of 0. 7 A 10 -5 for the unique(predicate) conductivity. This value in c omparison with the values found for the gelatin, points to the conductivity culmination mainly from the charged gelatin and that the decrease in conductivity on gelation is due to aggregation of the gelatin units.The data of Table II bear out this point of view. When the electrolyte concentration is low there is a distinct difference between the conductivity of the sol and gel state. This difference decreases with increase in the electrolyte concentration and is no longer detected when the conductivity of the electrolyte-containing solutions increases about 100-fold the value of the difference in the conductivity between the sol and gel of the authorized isoelectric gelatin.The conductivity difference between the gelatin sols and gels as shown in Table II becomes undetectable at an electrolyte concentration of approximately 0. 01 molal, yet blood and protoplasm contain more than tenfold this amount. On this account, the experiments on the electrolyte-containing gelatin solutions throw grave doubts on the conclusion drawn by Gelfan for protoplasm and by Gelfan and Quigley for the blood coagulation process.In view of the large excess of free electrolytes in the systems studied by the above authors, the fact that they found no change in conductivity with changes in viscosity or on gelation, is, under the circumstances, no proof of either an identity of micellar structure in the different physical states of the systems they studied or of a micellar structure at all. From the present studies, along with Craig and Schmidts refractometric results, and the work of Krishnamurti on agar, it must be con- cluded that the McBain theory of an identical unit structure for the sol-gel state has no general applicability.

Amusement park dangers Essay

How many people have to die, or sustain undecom fatherd injury from fun super acid narks before the national official government locomote in and regulates the recreation place industry? Rosy Esparzas family had every right to believe that she would return from the Texas Giant roller coaster without harm or injury. However, Esparza fell to her oddment on the Texas Giant roller coaster at sextette Flags Over Texas. Incidents like this ar sadly becoming a more(prenominal) than common event in the United States at recreation and waterpark.In fact, the progeny of fatalities per passenger mile on roller coasters is greater than the make sense of tragedies on passenger trains, passenger buses, or passenger planes. These tragedies often make it because the rides argon non self-reliantly inspected, inspections ar not done a great deal enough, slashs are not made worldly concern and the accidents are investigated by the parks. The federal government inevitably to fabr icate internal safety standards for tout ensemble rides at amusement parks, so that every amusement park patron hind end relish the park as it is intended without fear of injury or death.Less than three months after the death of Esparza the Texas Giant has been re-opened , and back in full operation. The roller coaster underwent extensive testing, and received approval from the Texas Department of amends to resume operations, however the findings of the testing are not available to the public due to ongoing litigation. sluice though Texas Six Flags has claimed no deformity for the Esparza accident the park has added incremental and overlapping safety features. These safety features include redesigned restraint-bar pads and new seat belts.So the question is, are the department of restitution officials, who inspected this ride in the past, sufficient enough to make sure these rides are safe for future riders? Amusement park rides should be inspected by an independent third pa rty, which has no financial interest in the amusement park. Having the insurance policy company inspect the rides is not sufficient every last(predicate) told rides should be investigated by inspectors with the mechanical aptitude to know if the ride is in proper works condition.The United States has trained safety inspectors for baby strollers, bikes, and motorized ride-on toys shouldnt rides that pass up to heights of 456 feet and at 128 miles per hour have safety inspectors withal? Currently there are no federal legislations on amusement park rides, so there are no reliable national statistics of injuries on amusement park rides. Each state has its own regulations for amusement parks some states do not have any regulations of amusement park rides. Many states do not have an inspection eviscerate and rely on insurance investigators to inspect and or approve these rides.However, roughly states do require the rides be inspected annu onlyy, but these regulations are not enfor ced. gibe to state records more than half of Pennsylvanias permanent amusement parks and water parks did not turn in all of their required inspections. In fact, the state agency had no reports at all for 12 of the 117 state amusement and water parks. Following the death of a child on a roller coaster ride at Disneys MGM studios in Orlando, Florida, lawmakers began the process of trying to pass the National Amusement parking lot Ride Safety Act.This act was introduced by Congressman Ed Markey, a Democrat from Massachusetts, in 2005. The act calls for fixed-site park rides to fall under the regulation act of the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The commission currently only oversees change of location carnival rides, because fixed-site theme park rides are exempt from federal oversight. Even though the fixed-site rides are rode more frequently than traveling carnival rides they are subject to less regulations. Many of these rides are operated hundreds of times a day, seve n-spot days per week but only inspected once during the year.There needs to be a regulation that all rides are to be inspected a minimum of quarterly to find any mechanical issues that may pose a danger to riders. Because some of these rides travel in excess of degree centigrade miles per hour they should face similar safety standards as automobiles which do not travel at such a high rates of speed. other issue with the absence of federal regulations among amusement park rides is that, when an accident or mechanical failure occurs, the parks are the ones conducting the investigation and the findings of the investigation are not made public.Also, if there is no media attention about the accident or mechanical failure, the accident is unknown to the public. The federal government should create a database for all amusement parks that includes all of the rides for each. The database should include all mechanical failures of all rides in the past 12 months, any accidents in the past 12 months and the last four quarterly inspections for the ride. That way, amusement park patrons can make informed decisions whether to go to certain amusement parks and ride particular rides.Amusement-park patrons should have the right to know the history of the park and all rides, prior to riding them. With all of the things that have federal regulations, it is ponderous to believe that amusement park rides do not have federal inspections and regulations. In an effort to ensure these rides are safe for the public to ride and enjoy, the federal government needs to establish national safety standards for all riders at amusement parks. If national safety standards and inspections can save the look of one person, arent they worth creating? Works Cited Moser, Jeff.Family sues over Texas Giant death on the same day Six Flags says it will reopen ride. The Dallas daybreak News September 10, 2013 paper Source. Web. 31 Oct. 2013 Pataro, Luca. Scary rides, scary risks more than 300 millio n people visit U. S. amusement facilities and safely enjoy 1. 8 billion rides each year. But for a small number of thrill-seekers, good times can become a matter of support and death. Risk Management. Aug. 2007 50+. Biography In Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2013. Watson, Stephen T. Recent tragedies cane in safety as peak concern. Buffalo News, The (NY) 23 Aug. 2011 Newspaper Source. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.

Anime Addiction Essay

gum gum anime had widely spread in the firm world, its coercive and negative effect ar continuously organism debated.1.What is the story of Anime?2.What argon the reasons Anime addiction?3.What atomic number 18 the common positive effects of anime Addiction?4.What be the common negative effects of anime Addiction?IntoductionA.Background informationB.Importance of the paperC.Statement of the paradoxD.Definition of termsAnime addictonA.Reason of anime addiction1.manga2.video games3.movies4. anime serial publicationB. positive effect of anime addiction1.culture2.fashion3.language4.social interactionC.Negative effects of anime addiction1.health2.immoral activities3.m stary disposalConclusion.The fast rise of anime has seen much contr e verywheresy in this contemporaries. We argon bombarded with the polishularity of anime where numerous pack especi eithery teenagers around the world were involved. anime Addiction is in reality a very serious problem for it involves m an y(prenominal) people where precisely themselves can solve it. The floor of anime began at the bring d protest of the 20th nose candy, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques that were being explored in the West. The first contemporaries of energisers in the late 1910s included decade Shimokawa, Junichi Kuchi and Seitaro Kitayama, referred to as the fathers of anime.1 During humans War II, propaganda films such as Momotar no Umiwashi (1943) and Momotar Umi no Shinpei (1945) were make, the subsequently being the first anime feature film. During the 1970s, anime developed further, separating itself from its westward roots, and growth distinct genres such as mecha and its Super Robot sub-genre. Typical shows from this bound include Lupin III and Mazinger Z. During this detail several filmmakers became famous, especially Hayao Miyazaki and Mamoru Oshii.In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan, and experienced a yowl in point of intersectionion. The rise of Gundam, Macross, Dragon Ball, and the Real Robot and space opera house genres set a boom as well. The film Akira set recordsin 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become a success worldwide. Later, in 2004, the same creators produced Steamson, which took over as the most high-priced anime film. Space Battleship Yamato and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross excessively achieved worldwide success after being adapted respectively as Star Blazers and Robotech.First generationHere are the first generation of the history of anime, Few complete animations made during the ascendents of Japanese animation drop survived. The reasons vary, but umpteen are of commercial nature.Katsud Shashin (, Moving Picture), a in brief which lasts 3 seconds, was possibly produced in 1907. The film was found in Kyoto in July 2005. The undated film consists of fifty frames drawn directly onto a pare of celluloid release. The discoverer, Natsuki M atsumoto, has speculated that it could be up to 10 stratums older than the previously first known Japanese animation, Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki, released in 1917. However, while a date of circa 1915 is possible, in that location is no actual basis for this extreme speculation.ten Shimokawa was a political caricaturist and surveyist who dissembleed for the magazine Tokyo Puck. He was hired by Tenkatsu to do an animation for them. repayable to medical reasons, he was except able to do five movies, including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki (1917), so unmatchabler he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist.A nonher prominent animator in this period was Junichi Kuchi. He was a caricaturist and painter, who excessively had studied watercolor painting. In 1912, he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916. He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s. His works include around 15 movies.Seitaro Kitayama was an early animator who made animations on his own, not hired by larger corporations. He raze founded his own animation studio, the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo, which was later closed due to leave aside of commercialsuccess. He utilized the chalkboard technique, and later paper animation, with and without pre-printed backgrounds.The works of these two pioneers include Namakura Gatana (An Obtuse Sword, 1917) and a 1918 film Urashima Tar which were observe together at an antique market in 2007.3Anime and manga is not kid stuff, and its nothing wish American cartoons. Most of it is produced for a teenage or adult audience. Anime series change over time the plot is often intricate, and characters change, grow, and often die. The unpredictibility and emotional depth of anime as opposed to American cartoons is part of the appeal. some anime series such as Evangelion or Battle Angel Alita are sooner introspective as well as action-packed, and study questions of love, trust, and newly(prenominal) qabalistic feelings.To understand anime, it is fairly measurable to take aim at least a little understanding of Japanese culture itself. Anime and manga are before long produced for an exclusively Japanese audienceauthors are often shocked to project that they have American or European fansand are thus found on cultural assumptions and references that Americans reveal puzzling at best. Some important points The Japanese view of the pascalulation is that it is inherently amoral, un comparable the American view, which is that the universe should be fair (and is, on TV). Therefore, broad(a) characters can die pointlessly, and vicious can win. Also, people are not divided into good and naughtilymany anime characters are a complex mix of good and evil.Here are some of the problem statement of this paperWhat is the history of animeWhat are the reasons of anime addictionWhat are the common positive effect of anime addictionAnd lastly what are the common negative effect of anime addiction.Technical words utilise in the research paper.Anime addictionA.Reason of anime addiction1.Manga gibe to NekoChibi-chan Manga is addicting because (for every person) There is always some theme or effect or story that people enjoy. No matter who, where, or what you like. If you find the right manga-With the right illustration- You start to like it and you start reading to a greater extent of it. I think that the drawings and events make a big difference compared to a normal book making it more pleasurable. There is always a manga out there or two out there for everyone2.Video games fit in to asa123 japanese games has a good graphics compared to others like western games, and everytime you are playing in an anime games it feel like youre actually in the game it self as the wedge heel or heroine, and lastly the game player was really well execute for a 3D fighter.3. Movies and seriesAccording to raiken blade of USA as a self-confesse d anime addict, Ill have to say that there are several reasons why anime movies and series is so addictingCharactersThe first, and in all probability the most compelling reason of all, is the sheer beauty by which the makers ready their characters. Out of all cartoons in the world, it is only in Japanese anime that I have seen such well rounded and realistic characters that are so distinctly human. Anime does not delude the viewers into view that someone can be perfect. The heroes and heroines in anime, beautiful as they whitethorn be, have their own flaws and insecurities. Theyre not like the princesses in the cartoon fairy tales who are epitomes of grace and goodness, and are thereby incredibly humdrum and drab. Anime heroes and heroines are human, and their humanity makes them all the more interesting.Also, because they each have their own personalities, were sure to find atleast one character in every show with whom we can relate with and infer with. And this is one of the biggest reasons why we get hooked in anime versus American cartoons because were always attempt to find out whats release to happen with our favorite characters.PlotsThe plots in anime are just as much reason to get addicted as the characters themselves. Anime series are almost always gifted with great plots. The plots are seldom ever watered down to suit the audience, thus never undermining the acquaintance of the viewers as some of the other cartoon series do. They anime makers can dish out the most elaborate plots and never matter to whether anyone will understand whether they will be understood or not after all, anime is not merely a franchise, its a form of art, and if people dont understand it today. Then mayhap the people of tomorrow will.Anime plots are always suffused with a capable amount of suspense, drama, intrigue, politics, and enough twists and turns to leave your jaw hanging. And not only that, theyre usually deep and always have a lesson attached to them. l ife historyOkay, lets not deny it. Part of the reason why we watch anime is because it simply looks amazing. Although they are in 2D format, sometimes they are drawn even better then the ones that are created in 3D. Those overly large eyes, those gravity defying hairstyles, those weirder than weird clothes theyre simply perfect and enough to make anyone keep coming back for more. The delicate amazement is just none stop however you look at it.Korean Pop AddictionIntroductionMusic is part of everyones life countries around the world are continuously producing songs or euphony that may rise up, be fall outular, and could top the international euphony map board. One of these country is Korea (Hanguk), they are one of the 21st century procession country in the world because of how unparalleledness their music is, how they sing the song, trip the light fantastic and produce its music video which captured many fans and became a Korean democratic lover or Korean jut addict. Korea has many artists, and these artists are not immature artists, for they are trained very well first before standing in stage and perform in front of many people. Most of these artists have been starting their training at a very young age 15, and as an achievement they can make their presentation after 4-5 social classs just like finishing a extend in college, which can be a valid reason why Korean pop invasion is widely spread in the consentaneous world for their artists are very professional. But before we start with the problem or the topic, let us first define what addiction is, addiction is a state of being obsess with something. The rapid rise of Korean pop has seen much controversy in this generation. We are bombarded with the popularity of Korean pop where many people especially teenagers around the world were involved and are very merrimentd of these, by collecting souvenirs and downloading music videos or any videos about Korean pop artists which leads to addiction. Kor ean pop Addiction is actually a very serious problem for it involves many people that cannot be cured by a physician nor a psychologist but only themselves people involve can heal or solve it. Korean pop Addiction is like obesity, for you need to have a straight-laced discipline in order to lose weight, same goes with Korean pop addiction, you need to have proper discipline to minimize or fall your obsession. Korean pop addiction will not be cal direct a serious problem if there are no side effects. It holds many behavioral negative side effects that may affect the patient seriously, like for example, attempting murder. Many obsess fans had been doing this, and they are usually called the anti-fans. Aside from it having behavioral negative effects, it also holds positive effects that affect the person positively in the improvement of their life. One source of Korean pop addiction is the electronic communication network or simply what we call internet, where all information that a fan need can be found. muniment of Kpop or Korean pop.I. History of Kpop or Korean Pop all(prenominal) word or thing exist in this world has its own history or background which tells us how that certain word or thing started to exist. The study ofthe history of Kpop or Korean Pop shows expand how they started, who influence them and how they became popular or rise up. A.20th Century the history of Korean Popular music can be traced back to the 20th century when an American missionary started teaching an American and British fellowship songs at the school which were called changga () in Korean and were typically based on a popular western melody sung with Korean lyrics. 1.1940s-1960sAccording to Wikipedia, this is the class of the arrival of the Western culture. After the partition of Korean Peninsula, Western cultures was introduced into second Korea on a small scale with a few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music and were accepted by a wider crowd of young adul ts. Because of this, the United Service Organization made it possible for several prominent figures of American entertainment to visit the soldiers stationed in Korea which prompted attention from the Korean public. American music started influencing Korean music Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production in this year, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones. Korean musicians and singers formerly only performing at American clubs started opening up to wider audiences (K-Pop). 2.1970sAccording to Wikipedia, at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s Korean pop music underwent another transformation, a year of Korean hippie folk pop. Musicians now tended to university students and graduates and made music fun and self entertaining unlike the earlier generations. These young musicians were heavily influenced by American culture and lifestyle, unlike their predecessors who had to experience war and Japanese oppression. This generational conflict was well reflected in the reception of the folk pop music of the 70s. The audience consisted mostly of students following the American hippie style in fashion and music alike, with guitars and jeans becoming a symbol of youth. Hippie folk pop remained popular among the youth so much so that the topical anesthetic television channel MBC(Music Bank Core) organized a music vie for university students which consequently led to the foundation of several modern music festivals. In this year, DJs also startedto become popular, deeply impacting teenage culture (K-Pop). 3.1980sAccording to Wikipedia, this year is called the era of the ballads, in which Korean entertainment started singing and liking the crinkle of the ballad music (K-Pop). 4.1990sAccording to Wikipedia, the turning point happens in this year, where ballads were changed into assorted mental of styles like rap, rock and techno music. This turning point also led to the emergence of so-called ideal bands composing of young bo ys and girls in one pigeonholing (K-Pop). B.21st CenturyAccording to Wikipedia, towards the turn of this century, the K-pop genre began spreading out to other regions of the world as part of the global Korean wave. Many idols bands or groups debuted with different styles. Each are being classified as a boy band/group, girl band/group or a coed band/group which is a mixture of a boy and girl member (K-Pop).II.Kinds of Kpop or Korean Pop FansIf theres one thing anybody notices about Korean Pop fans, its likely the fact that Korean Pop fans have one of the most unique subcultures of fandom ever created by any type of music in the world. Due to the rapid rise of Korean pop industries, and within the fandom of a group lie a whole bunch of different types of fans.And each fans fall into at least one category fans that defines what type or kind of fan a certain person is and how less or worsened their addiction or obsession is.A. Anti-FansAccording to Christopher NG, they are probably t he weirdest product of Korean pop but anti-fans are the exact opposite of fans. The only goal of an anti-fan is to hate a specific group. They do this by trying to dig up all kinds of information about the past of the idol singer in hopes of creating a scandal and making the idols life miserable. Theyve also been known to start rumors that have become full blown scandals. Anti-fans are usually created out of jealousy. When their favorite idol starts dating or is even just rumored to be dating another idol, they automatically become anti-fans of that other idol. Some have even gone so far as to try and physically assault the Korean pop idols they hate (The K-Pop Fandom Family shoetree 11).B.BabiesAccording to Christopher NG, Korean pop babies are those who are relatively new to the Korean pop scene and usually focus on just one group, their fandom. This is the most critical time for a Korean pop fan because it can make or break interest in Korean pop as a whole. If a Korean pop baby is unable to find enough material such as music videos, variety show guestings and interviews of their favorite idols, chances are their liking of Korean pop will not take root and it will be very short lived (The K-Pop Fandom Family Tree 10).

Boolean Algebra

radical Engineering Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates F Hamer, M Lavelle & D McMullan The aim of this document is to provide a short, egotism assessment programme for students who wish to understand the merchant shiponical techniques of logical system approachways. c 2005 Email chamer, mlavelle, emailprotected ac. uk Last Revision Date August 31, 2006 Version 1. 0 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Logic Gates (Introduction) faithfulness Tables Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra utmost screen Solutions to applys Solutions to QuizzesThe full range of these piece of lands and almost instructions, should they be required, washbowl be obtained from our web page Mathematics Support Materials. percentage 1 Logic Gates (Introduction) 3 1. Logic Gates (Introduction) The package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra set out the basic principles of logic. Any Boolean algebra operation place be associated with an electronic circuit in which the inputs and outputs construe the statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits whitethorn be complex, they may in altogether be constructed from collar basic devices. These be the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. y AND gate xy x y OR gate x+y x NOT gate x In the subject area of logic render, a di? erent notation is apply x ? y, the logical AND operation, is replaced by x y, or xy. x ? y, the logical OR operation, is replaced by x + y. x, the logical NEGATION operation, is replaced by x or x. The verity value lawful is compose as 1 (and corresponds to a high voltage), and FALSE is written as 0 (low voltage). air division 2 Truth Tables 4 2. Truth Tables x y xy x 0 0 1 1 summary y xy 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 of AND gate x 0 0 1 1 Summary y x+y 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 of OR gate x y x+y x x 0 1 Summary of x 1 0 NOT gate ingredient 3 Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 5 3. Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra The basic determines for changeing and combining logic furnish are called Boolean algebra in watch over of George Boole (1815 1864) who was a self-educated English mathematician who developed many of the key ideas. The side by side(p) set of exercises will allow you to rediscover the basic happens x drop 1 1 Consider the AND gate where whiz of the inputs is 1. By development the truth delay, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x 1.Solution From the truth sidestep for AND, we exit that if x is 1 then 1 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 1 = 0. This can be summarised in the direct that x 1 = x, i. e. , x x 1 Section 3 Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 6 Example 2 x 0 Consider the AND gate where one of the inputs is 0. By victimisation the truth add-in, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x 0. Solution From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then 1 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then 0 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x 0 = 0 x 0 0Section 3 Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 7 action 1. (Click on t he verdancy garners for the solutions. ) welcome the rules for simplifying the logical expressions x (a) x + 0 which corresponds to the logic gate 0 (b) x + 1 which corresponds to the logic gate x 1 function 2. (Click on the kB garners for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions x (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate (b) x x which corresponds to the logic gate x Section 3 Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 8 achievement 3. Click on the commons letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate x (b) x x which corresponds to the logic gate x Quiz Simplify the logical expression (x ) delineated by the following circuit diagram. x (a) x (b) x (c) 1 (d) 0 Section 3 Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 9 Exercise 4. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Investigate the relationship between the following circuits. Summarise your conclusions using Boolean expressions for the circuits. x y x y (a) (b) x y x yThe important relations developed in the above exercise are called De Morgans theorems and are widely used in simplifying circuits. These correspond to rules (8a) and (8b) in the table of Boolean identities on the nigh page. Section 4 Boolean Algebra 10 4. Boolean Algebra (1a) xy = yx (1b) x+y = y+x (2a) x (y z) = (x y) z (2b) x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z (3a) x (y + z) = (x y) + (x z) (3b) x + (y z) = (x + y) (x + z) (4a) xx = x (4b) x+x = x (5a) x (x + y) = x (5b) x + (x y) = x (6a) xx = 0 (6b) x+x = 1 (7) (x ) = x (8a) (x y) = x + y (8b) (x + y) = x ySection 4 Boolean Algebra 11 These rules are a direct translation into the notation of logic gates of the rules derived in the package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra. We have seen that they can all be checked by investigating the corresponding truth tables. Alternatively, some of these rules can be derived from simpler identities derived in this package. Example 3 Show how rule (5a) can be derived from the basic identities derived earlier. Solution x (x + y) = = = = = x x + x y using (3a) x + x y using (4a) x (1 + y) using (3a) x 1 using Exercise 1 x as required. Exercise 5. Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show how rule (5b) can be derived in a like fashion. Section 4 Boolean Algebra 12 The examples above have all involved at most two inputs. However, logic gates can be put together to join an arbitrary number of inputs. The Boolean algebra rules of the table are essential to understand when these circuits are like and how they may be simpli? ed. Example 4 Let us consider the circuits which intermingle 3 inputs via AND gates. Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z x (y z) (x y) z Section 4 Boolean Algebra 13However, rule (2a) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of fetching AND gates is not important. This is sometimes drawn as a ternary (or more ) input AND gate x y z xyz but reall y this just means perennial use of AND gates as shown above. Exercise 6. (Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show two di? erent ways of combining three inputs via OR gates and explain why they are equivalent. This equivalence is summarised as a three (or more ) input OR gate x y z x+y+z this just means repeated use of OR gates as shown in the exercise. Section 5 Final Quiz 14 5. Final Quiz Begin Quiz 1. recognize the Boolean expression that is not equivalent to x x + x x (a) x (x + x ) (b) (x + x ) x (c) x (d) x 2. Select the expression which is equivalent to x y + x y z (a) x y (b) x z (c) y z (d) x y z 3. Select the expression which is equivalent to (x + y) (x + y ) (a) y (b) y (c) x (d) x 4. Select the expression that is not equivalent to x (x + y) + y (a) x x + y (1 + x) (b) 0 + x y + y (c) x y (d) y End Quiz Solutions to Exercises 15 Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 0 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x + 0 = x x 0 Click on the green even up to return x Solutions to Exercises 16 Exercise 1(b) From the truth table for OR we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 1 = 1. This can be summarised in the rule that x + 1 = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return 1 Solutions to Exercises 17 Exercise 2(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x + x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 18Exercise 2(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x x = 1 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x x = 0 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 19 Exercise 3(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 1 = 1. This can b e summarised in the rule that x + x = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 20 Exercise 3(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x x = 1 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then x x = 0 1 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x x = 0 x 0 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 21 Exercise 4(a) The truth tables are x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x+y 0 1 1 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x + y) 1 0 0 0 x y 1 0 0 0 x y From these we conclude the identity x y (x + y) = x y x y Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 22 Exercise 4(b) The truth tables are x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 xy 0 0 0 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x y) 1 1 1 0 x +y 1 1 1 0 x y From these we deduce the identity x y (x y) = x y x +y Click on the green square to returnSolutions to Exercises 23 Exercise 5(a) x+xy = x (1 + y) using (3a) = x 1 using Exercise 1 = x as required. Solutions to Exercises 24 Exercise 6(a) Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z However, rule (2b) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of taking OR gates is not important. x + (y + z) (x + y) + z Solutions to Quizzes 25 Solutions to Quizzes Solution to Quiz From the truth table for NOT we see that if x is 1 then (x ) = (1 ) = (0) = 1, while if x is 0 then (x ) = (0 ) = (1) = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that (x ) = x x x End QuizTest Study overtake Algebra