Chinese education: Then and Now Essay

Education in China began with the Chinese classic texts, rather than organized religion. The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination system was established in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) for evaluating and selecting officials. This merit-based system gave rise to schools that taught the classics and continued in use for 2,000 years, until the end the Qing Dynasty, and was abolished in 1911 in favour of Western education methods (Global Oneness Commitment). New approaches to education were encouraged after 1977, after a long period of nothing being done with the growth of education and science. It was in 1985, that school reform was implemented. Schooling was for nine years, with academic achievement having priority over political consciousness. Education comes in two categories – general and specific. The former includes the regular college, junior college, vocations secondary school and middle school levels, and the latter includes elimination of illiteracy rural practical technology training, on-the-job training, education for single-discipline qualification certificates, education for vocational certificates and postgraduate continued education (Asian Info).

Drugs in Schools Essay

It is said that the majority of high school students have witnessed illegal drugs being used in their schools, illegal drugs being sold, illegal drugs in the possession of students, students high on drugs and students that are drunk. Parents think that until they get rid the schools of drugs, students will not bring good grades and achieve high marks. In schools in Newfoundland and Labrador, drugs are a huge issue. Smoking weed has become as regular as smoking a cigarette. The youth are even selling marijuana amongst themselves. All kinds of drugs are being used such as crystal meth, pot and ecstasy. In America, 60% of high school students and 30% or middle school students returned to school this year where illegal drugs are used, kept and sold. Many reports found that drug abuse will increase and will add $41 billion to the cost of elementary and secondary education this year for class disruption and violence, special education and tutoring. Parents say that drugs have infested schools and threatened students and their ability to learn and develop their talents. If parents would feel strongly about drugs in schools, we would have drug-free schools. It seems that more and more high school students are using drugs every year. Mostly, 10.5% of the youth that come for treatment are kids who started using drugs before the age of eleven. The media says that it is the parents, school board and the authorities to be held responsible for this because they never asked for drug-free schools.

APPLICANT TESTING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

APPLICANT TESTING - Coursework Example They may be tested for their cognitive ability to understand arresting procedures and application of those procedures. Potential police officers even undergo personality testing to identify the degree of fitness of the applicant to serve on the police force. One of the best ways to test police officers for the police department is the cognitive ability test. This testing method is used to identify the applicant’s ability to understand procedures and rules and their application in the field work. These tests are inexpensive because these tests can be conducted through computer based software that offers different questions based on multiple choices and these tests can be conducted online. The problem with these tests is that the applicant may perceive that the tests are not directly testing skills required to perform the job. These tests can result in legal issues because these tests may result in unintended discriminatory practices. For example: these tests have been found to resulted in unintended discriminatory practices against certain minority and protected groups such as the African Americans. Sims states that African Americans have been found to score sixteen percent less than White Americans on these tests (Sims, 2007). In order to avoid legal action and decrease the chances of being help responsible for unintended discriminatory practices, organizations can make these tests more jobs specific in order to be able to prove that these tests were conducted without the intention of discriminating against the protected groups. Personality trait tests used for applicant testing is another significant test that is being used in order to perform tests that help in testing the psychological aspect of applicants. These tests are mainly administered in order to identify the psychological disorders or issues that applicants might be facing and due to these disorders applicants are rejected. The main

Community safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Community safety - Essay Example Plans for fire safety then must be customized to suit not only the building residents but also the height of the buildings and sheer numbers of people living there. This report addresses these needs and lays out the problems and fire safety regulations that must be considered when developing a fire safety strategy. Quoting the Chief Fire Officer’s Association (2008) â€Å"We welcome... guidance which helps to manage the relationship between the Housing Act 2004 and the Fire Safety Order by offering advice and assistance to enforcers, landlords, managing agents and tenants, amongst others, on ways to make residential buildings safe from fire, regardless of which piece of legislation is relevant. When it comes to fire safety, everyone involved has an interest. A necessary element in understanding what is presented in this report lies in an understanding of the theory of community safety, how and what it is intended to achieve. Elsworth et al put it succinctly in their program theory approach to communities living with the threat of fire. â€Å"A theory of the way a program works... provides the starting point for planning evaluations in a wide variety of fields... The focus is on strategies that produce desired positive outcomes† (Elsworth et al, 2008: para. 1-2). At the core of any fire safety programme are agencies, institutions, individuals, families and the community itself working in partnership toward the desired outcome of community fire safety. The programme itself, developed from current literature, succinct goals, objectives and strategies, and intimate interaction between all participants produces a theory of change that gives good results. (Elsworth et al, 2008). In our particular case any programme theory of community fire safety must include a long list of participants: migrant individuals and their families, educational institutions, local utilities and fire fighting agencies, local officials, and to a great extent, the entire community in which

Subsidies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Subsidies - Research Paper Example In particular, subsidies are provided to those industries or sectors which are lagging behind the other sectors in the economy in terms of performance or are not being able to perform up the expected level. In this paper we shall focus on the subsidies provided by the governments of the less developed countries (LDCs) and developing countries. In these countries subsidies are provided by the government on the trading of different goods and services, and can be categorized as energy or fuel subsidies, agricultural subsidies and educational subsidies. However, the World Bank and the IMF has stated that subsidies act as barriers to investment in the developing country by foreign and international companies. This in turn proves unbeneficial for the country’s long term development. It is in the country’s own interest towards its development that the government should abolish subsidies and promote perfect competition. This paper aims at examining the relationship between subs idies and economic growth in the context of developing countries. The research question addressed by this research paper can be described well with the help of some small questions. They are; do subsidies result in increasing the overall economic development and growth in the developing countries? What is the importance of the subsidies for the developing countries? How do subsidies impact the government spending and federal budget? How do subsidies influence the operations of the international companies in these developing countries? In order to answer these questions the relationship between subsidies provided by governments and economic development of the developing countries will be examined. The subject about impact of subsidies on the developing countries is quite researched upon. Before going into the details of my research work I shall review some of the existing literature on this topic in this section. Peacock elaborates in his paper the role of subsidies is important

MARKETING - FINAL CHAPTER PROBLEMS Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MARKETING - FINAL CHAPTER PROBLEMS - Article Example In this case, Eric (2010) showcases constructs of relationship marketing as it identifies with health care customers and practitioners. With regards to the website refreshing after every ten minutes to keep track of appointments, it is a strategy that aims at developing long-term, cost-effective link for a mutual benefit between the organization and the customer. While focusing on the relationship marketing, organizations shift their focus from individual transactions such as convincing a customer to make use of the clinic services, â€Å"to a long-term loyalty – identifying the institution as a regular health care provider† (Eric, 2010). Customers require high-quality services and retaining a customer requires strategy. Delayed, canceled, or unplanned appointment visits are areas that have, for a long time, been haunting customers and health care institutions as the result of these variables is loss of customers or flawed customer service. However, the invention of a s ervice that enables tracking, observation, and keeping of appointments adapts the contemporary notion of shifting from the individual transaction (patient visit, referral, and sale) to the establishment of a longer-term relationship. The refreshing website is a marketing tool that specifically addresses customer satisfaction, service quality, time and resource management, and accomplishment of customer retention (Eric, 2010). Question 2: Chapter 8 â€Å"I’ve sold products all my life and have been successful. Marketing a food product is no different from marketing a hotel, airline, or hospital.† The above point is naive in all aspects. Firstly, marketing is a process through which a seller of a product or provider of a service uses promotional means and integrated marketing communication to convince customers into buying or using a product or a service. As pointed by the above quotation, the term sold is past tense for sell and means the ability to complete a single tr ansaction by offering a product or service in exchange for money. The naivety of the above point starts with the confusion of selling and marketing. In addition, neither marketing nor selling is a skill (with regards to the question posed, the board expects understanding of selling and marketing concepts but the interviewee portrays selling as an event based on sheer luck) and neither can be measured through the consideration of periodic success. Moving on to the second part of the quotation; products differ from one another and comparing food products to hotels, airlines, or an hospital shows a high degree of naivety. Food products are mostly sold in food shops, restaurants, and/or grocery stores and capturing a market for these products depends on fewer variables than providing services in the health care sector (Berkowitz, 2010). Food products appeal to various people all the time and this industry does not necessarily require loyalty like the health care sector. Health care prod ucts depend on variables such as product positioning (drugs, machines), branding (machines, e.g. in radiology), and diffusion of innovation (rate of adoption of a product). Diffusion of innovation is determined by relative advantage (advantage of new product over existing ones), compatibility (compatibility with existing values and customs creates adoptability), complexity (affects adoption of products), divisibility (trial on a limited basis), and communicability (easy communication of benefits). Reflecting on the

Comparative Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparative Business Law - Essay Example The negligence was recognized in the famous case Donoghue v Stevenson1. [Peter De Cruz, Comparative law]a It is illustrious case law on tort of negligence; this case is also called as "the snail in the bottle case". Though this case originates from Scots the House of Lords declares that the principle applied in this case apply to the world in common law jurisdiction. This case is fountainhead of the tortious principles say duty to care, breach of duty and causation of loss which are to be established for claiming liability of negligence. In this case the Session court rejected the appeal of the plaintiff on two grounds a) there is no privity of contract between the plaintiff and the manufacturer defendant; b) the product was not a dangerous product and there is no fraudulent misrepresentation from the defendant. It was appealed to the House of Lords by the plaintiff, arguing on the principle of privity of contract. The plaintiff counsel arguing for the removal of the protection provided for the manufacturers under the privity of contract under common law. The defendant side argued on wisdom of the Scottish judges in the mouse case, to prevail. Lord Atkin applies the 'Neighbourhood Principle', which says that a person will owe a duty of care not to injure a person or persons that can be foreseen reasonably which would be affected by the acts or omissions, in case where an established duty of care does not exist. The object of this principle is to provide the remedy against the suppliers of consumer products for tort, where there is no privity of contract. Lords MacMillan and Thankerton supported the opinion. Lords Tomlin and Buckmaster opposed this opining that it would be difficult to carry on the trade it becomes the law since they say that the principle of wide proposition. Remedies in Common Law The basic remedy that the common law provides is the damages. Damages such as liquidated damages, which is a predetermined or estimated value for breach of a contract; Compensatory damages, these damages awarded by the courts where any loss is caused due to a breach of contract or due to an action of a person, it is awarded to put the aggrieved party in the same position had there been no breach of contract or such action; Non Compensatory damages, the courts in certain cases awards non compensatory damages, when it do not aim to compensate the plaintiff, such damages are exemplary, contemptuous and nominal. [Benjamin Andoh and Stephen Marsh]d The remedies in Common law such as damages suffer with certain limitations. The common law puts some limitations and the entitlement of the plaintiff over the damages such as remoteness of damage, causation, duty to litigate, contributory negligence and impecuniosities. [Benjamin Andoh and Stephen Marsh]e Remoteness of damage: Damages will not be avoided where the loss is too remote (Re Polemis and Furness Withy & Co. Ltd.) and which is not foreseeable (Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v Morts Dock

Decision making of Sears Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision making of Sears - Coursework Example By the year 2014, more than 1600 employees had stopped working for the organization. The company has to make various decisions in order to solve its problems. One of its problem-solving strategies should be based on the consistency theory. It holds that an external and internal system of business should be aligned effectively for it to be successful. One of factors that contributed to firm’ problems included its internal conflicts within the management system. Lack of agreement among managers in the organization made its executives to quit. For the business to increase its efficiency, there should be should be consistency in its decision making process (Jiang, Xiao, Li, et al 4). The other effective strategy that the firm should implement includes increasing public commitments. Public commitment enhances a business success because it positively influences its customers. Public commitment includes increasing the quality of products and offering goods at reasonable prices. Public commitment makes customers to feel secure. It motivates them to spend their money on the company products. Pubic commitment also includes other things such improving customer’s experience by making the good unique from competitors. Sears stores relied on the tradition appearance of its shopping center which failed to attract many customers (Jiang, Xiao, Li, et al 7). Another factor that led to the company failure includes lack of customer engagement. The company should analyze the needs of its customers in order to engage them effectively. Customer engagement enables a company to satisfy their needs effectively. Sears’ lack of this engagement was proved when it failed to teach its customers the new technology. In addition, it ignored the customers’ views. Customer engagement helps a business to create a strong relationship with its customers which in turn helps in increasing their loyalty. Sears also failed because it focused on the wrong

Product Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Strategy - Essay Example The services offered by ABC cloud service limited include, but are not limited to: JustCloud, Egnyte, HybridCloud, MyPC Backup, Open Drive, Carbonite, Sugarsync, ADrive, ElephantDrive, Xdrive, Openomy, Storegate, Strongspace, Mofile, Flipdrive, GlobalDrive, eSnips, Box, Allmydata, iBackup,iStorage, Mozy, Omnidrive, Online File Storage, Mediamax, Online Storage, Dropbox, SOS Online Backup, Acronis True Image Online, SkyDrive, MediaFire, Google Drive, Microsoft Office 365, Zoho, Rapidshare and SendSpace. The table below provides a product and valuation policy of the company. Each product faces competition in the market, and as such, the valuation and pricing strategy may be different for the different products. Products such as the iBackup face stiff competition in the market. I, therefore, employ the skimming pricing strategy. The main aim is to capture the prestige market by charging substantially higher prices as compared to other competitors’ prices. ABC Company charges $1.5 per Gigabyte (GB) for the iBackup. Mozy has a basic home plan which starts at 50GB. 50GB provides a reasonable amount of space for storing more than six million text documents, one thousand videos and seven thousand five hundred photos. The company avails to home users, two plans to choose from. The product gives a maximum storage capacity of 125GB which is limited to only three computers. The firm, therefore, employs a Price Lining strategy. The users are charged according to the user requirements. For example, a home user who needs 100GB pays a higher amount than the pe rson purchasing a 25GB plan. A 50GB Mozy plan sells for $70 per year while 125GB plans for one computer goes for $120 per year. Mozy suffers direct competition from Carbonite (The Best, Most Affordable Alternatives to Mozy for Unlimited Backups, n.d.). I offer free services for the Box item for personal users with a

USPS Political and Legal Barriers Research Paper

USPS Political and Legal Barriers - Research Paper Example In the different fields varying from security and law enforcement to protecting the environment to free trade, Canada and the United States work together closely on different levels, from federal levels to local levels. The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an organization that provides global postal services to clients worldwide with an average delivery of more than 563 million mails (Joseph, 2010). It provides delivery to inaccessible places and free return if the recipient is not established. Despite USPS providing economical services, the long term growth has declined. The following table shows the cost and revenue trends of USPS from 2004 to 2012; There are main problems being faced by USPS. First, the use of computer gadgets and the advancement of computer technology in communication in both Canada and the U.S., such as smart-phones and use of social media have resulted to increase in paperless communication which results to decline in the need of postal services and decline in the First-Class mail thus reducing sales in both countries. Secondly, the existence of the U.S. federal law that requires USPS to pre-pay more than $5.5 Billion, as benefits cost to the federal government since majority of the employees are under the government’s retirement system has made the organization to pre-fund the retiree health benefits since it is expected to have over $ 8 Billion deficit and therefore has. In this regard, Canadian and other foreign employees are on the losing side since the U.S employees are expected to benefit from this (Globerman & Shapiro, 2003). Third, USPS has many high cost retail units. This poses a problem since the organization cannot close down these units due to U.S. federal bureaucracy that makes the process long, and the resistance by both local and foreign postal workers due to the threat of retrenchment. The organization therefore has resulted to biased closure of some retail units which affects its operation with

Theories Of Delinquency Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Delinquency Essay Deviant behavior is behavior that is a recognized violation of social norms. Formal and informal social controls attempt to prevent and minimize deviance. One such control is through the medicalization of deviance. Acting upon certain discriminatory facts or problems. It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant. Crime, the violation of formally enacted law, is formal deviance while an informal social violation such as picking ones nose is an example of informal deviance. It also means not doing what the majority does or alternatively doing what the majority does not do. For instance, behaviors caused by cultural difference can be seen as deviance. It does not necessarily mean criminal behavior. An example of a group considered deviant in the modern United States is the Ku Klux Klan. Milder examples include punks and goths. I have chosen two sociological theories namely differential association and conflict theory.   On the other hand I also chose psychoanalytic theory and learning theory under psychological theories. Sociological Theories Differential association Also known as Social Learning Theory, it explains deviance as a learned behavior. The most important variables in this theory are the age of the learner of deviance, the quality of contact between the learner and the deviant role model, and the relationship between the learner and the deviant model. It does a great job of explaining how children grow up to become law-breakers or juvenile offenders, but it suffers from a paradox. If all deviance is learned from a teacher, and the teacher learned from their teacher, how did the first teachers learn to be deviant? In criminology, Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. The Differential Association Theory is the most talked about of the Interactionist theory of deviance. This theory focuses on how individuals learn how to become criminals, but does not concern itself with why they become criminals. They learn how to commit criminal acts; they learn motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. It grows socially easier for the individuals to commit a crime. Their inspiration is the processes of cultural transmission and construction. Sutherland had developed the idea of the self as a social construct, like when a persons self-image is continuously being reconstructed especially when interacting with other people. This theory stated that an individual commits deviant acts because of his motives, interests, drives and even attitudes.   Now let me apply this theory to the three deviant acts. Breaking and entering a home is an example of this. The individual will do such act if there is motive, for example getting valuable things in order to get his goal. His goal is maybe revenge or just plain theft. Another deviant behavior is carjacking, if the individual’s goal is to use that particular act in unlawful acts. An individual will do such act for self satisfaction. If an individual grew up in a community wherein deviant behavior can be seen all over he might commit the same deviant acts such as shoplifting. For example, if only this ct will supply all the needs of the individual. Conflict theory Conflict theorists generally see deviance as a result of conflict between individuals and groups. The theoretical orientation contributes to labeling theory in that it explains that those with power create norms and label deviants. Deviant behavior is actions that do not go along with the socially prescribed worldview of the powerful, and is often a result of the present social structure preventing the minority group access to scarce resources. Since it explains deviance as a reaction due to conflict between groups and individuals due to scarce resources, it does a great job of explaining deviance by poor citizens, etc. However, it does not do such an excellent job in explaining white-collar crime. This theory also states that the powerful define crime. This begs the question, whom is this theory functional to? In this theory, laws are instruments of oppression. In other words, tough on the powerless and less tough on the powerful. In sociology, conflict theory states that the society or organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as changes in politics and revolutions. The theory is mostly applied to explain conflict between social classes, proletarian versus bourgeoisie; and in ideologies such as capitalism versus socialism. The theory attempts to refute functionalism, which considers that societies and organization function so that each individual and group plays a specific role, like organs in the body. There are radical basic assumptions (society is eternally in conflict, which might explain social change), or moderate ones (custom and conflict are always mixed). The moderate version allows for functionalism to operate as an equally acceptable theory since it would accept that even negative social institutions play a part in societys self-perpetuation. In understanding conflict theory, social class competition plays a key part. The following are four primary assumptions of modern conflict theory: Competition. Competition over scarce resources (money, leisure, sexual partners, and so on) is at the heart of all social relationships. Competition rather than consensus is characteristic of human relationships. Structural inequality. Inequalities in power and reward are built into all social structures. Individuals and groups that benefit from any particular structure strive to see it maintained. Revolution. Change occurs as a result of conflict between social class competing interests rather than through adaptation. It is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than evolutionary. War. Even war is a unifier of the societies involved, as well as war may set an end to whole societies. Conflict theory is mostly applied to explain conflict between social classes, proletarian versus bourgeoisie; and in ideologies such as capitalism versus socialism.   Let me take the four primary assumptions of modern conflict theory in applying this theory to the three deviant acts. Competition The individual might indulge in shoplifting if the resources are not well distributed to the society, or if there is scarcity. Breaking and entering a home also occurs because of the existence of conflict between social classes. The lower class may do this act for him to get things that he cannot buy. Structural inequality Carjacking may exist because of this. Inequalities in power and wealth are one reason why people do such act.   Before a car is just leisure but times goes by, it becomes a need to people.   Cars nowadays have become a status symbol.   Some people indulge into this act in order to supplement other deviant act like kidnapping and others. Psychological Theories Psychological theories of crime begin with the view that individual differences in behavior may make some people more predisposed to committing criminal acts. These differences may arise from personality characteristics, biological factors, or social interactions. Psychoanalytic Theory According to Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), who is credited with the development of psychoanalytic theory, all humans have natural drives and urges repressed in the unconscious. Furthermore, all humans have criminal tendencies. Through the process of socialization, however, these tendencies are curbed by the development of inner controls that are learned through childhood experience. Freud hypothesized that the most common element that contributed to criminal behavior was faulty identification by a child with her or his parents. The improperly socialized child may develop a personality disturbance that causes her or him to direct antisocial impulses inward or outward. The child who directs them outward becomes a criminal, and the child that directs them inward becomes a neurotic. Let us now take a look at sociological theories.   The first one is psychoanalytic theory, Sigmund Freud contented that all humans have criminal tendencies.   These tendencies may become reality because of different instances. Let me now apply this theory to the three deviant acts. Breaking and entering a home may depend on the family orientation. If the child is aware that it is the job of his father, sooner or later the child may also do the same act. It is mentioned that Freud saw all human behavior as motivated by the drives or instincts, which in turn are the neurological representations of physical needs. At first, he referred to them as the life instincts. These instincts perpetuate the life of the individual, by motivating him or her to seek food and water. If the individual is jobless and doesn’t have the money to buy food, the individual may shoplift in order to overcome hunger. He also mentioned that the unconscious is the source of our motivations. An individual may get involve into carjacking because of his friends but unconsciously, he has the inner desire to drive new and expensive cars. Learning Theory Learning theory is based upon the principles of behavioral psychology. Behavioral psychology posits that a persons behavior is learned and maintained by its consequences, or reward value. These consequences may be external reinforcement that occurs as a direct result of their behavior (e.g. money, social status, and goods), vicarious reinforcement that occurs by observing the behavior of others (e.g. observing others who are being reinforced as a result of their behavior), and self-regulatory mechanisms (e.g. people responding to their behavior). According to learning theorists, deviant behavior can be eliminated or modified by taking away the reward value of the behavior. Hans J. Eysenck, a psychologist that related principles of behavioral psychology to biology, postulated that by way of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling people learn moral preferences. Classical conditioning refers to the learning process that occurs as a result of pairing a reliable stimulus with a response. Eysenck believes, for example, that over time a child who is consistently punished for inappropriate behavior will develop an unpleasant physiological and emotional response whenever they consider committing the inappropriate behavior. The anxiety and guilt that arise from this conditioning process result in the development of a conscience. He hypothesizes, however, that there is wide variability among people in their physiological processes, which either increase or decrease their susceptibility to conditioning and adequate socialization. The second one is the learning theory. Let us apply this theory to the following deviant acts. A shoplifter do such acts because in the end he is being rewarded, he may eat the food he shoplifted or even sell materials he got from the store. By means of this he is also earning money. Another deviant act is breaking and entering a home because the individual has observed the same acts from his peers. Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior; in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behavior change. A good example of this carjacking, the individual may learn how these acts do by merely observing and eventually he may do it and be rewarded by this act. References:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deviant Behavior. Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. (2006). Retrieved November 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006 from Wikipedia.com:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sociology of deviance. Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. (2006). Retrieved November   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17, 2006 from Wikipedia.com: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_deviance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Differential Association. Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. (2006). Retrieved November   Ã‚  Ã‚   17, 2006 from Wikipedia.com:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_association   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conflict Theory. Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. (2006). Retrieved November   Ã‚  Ã‚   17, 2006 from Wikipedia.com: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theory   Ã‚  Ã‚     Flowe, Heather. Psychological Theories of Crime. (1996). Retrieved November 17, 2006   Ã‚     Ã‚  http://psy.ucsd.edu/~hflowe/psych.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚     Boeree, C. George. Sigmund Freud (1997). Retrieved November 19, 2006.   Ã‚     Ã‚  http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Learning Theory. Retrieved November 19, 2006.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~lynda_abbott/Social.html

Freezing Point Depression Osmometer

Freezing Point Depression Osmometer 1. Osmolality is a commonly used unit of measurement that represents the concentration of a solution as the total number of solutes per kilogram of pure solvent (mOsm/kg): where Ø is the osmotic coefficient accounting for the degree of molecular dissociation; n is the number of particles left after the molecule dissociates in solvent, where n = 1 for non-electrolytes; and C is the molal concentration of the solution (moles/kg of water). As a variant of molality, only osmotically active particles that affect a solutions osmotic pressure are considered. It is the number, rather than the size of type, of these solutes that controls the osmotic pull of a solution. Specifically, the presence of solute particles dilutes the solvent and restricts it to remain as a liquid as it is entropically favorable. Fittingly, the freezing point depresses proportionally with the increase in solute concentration since the temperature continues to drop instead of reaching a plateau during the process of crystallization as more pure solvent becomes separated from solution leaving behind a smaller mass of liquid with higher solute concentration. Accordingly, the concentra tion of a solution can be determined by its relationship with this colligative property; thus, osmolality is really a measure of the chemical ac of water in an aqueous solution of dissolved particles. Overall, this term-independent of temperature and pressure-is used in medical laboratories (as opposed to osmolarity (mOsm/L) for bedside calculations) to describe the osmotic strength of bodily fluids as it can be easily attained by freezing point osmometry. A freezing point depression osmometer quantifies the amount of osmotically important body fluid chemicals dissolved in blood serum by the relationship that 1 mole of particles decreases the freezing point of 1 kg of water by 1.86à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. This device is calibrated using standards within the osmolal range of interest (250-350 mOsm/kg for blood serum). Applied on a paper slide, the sample is inserted into an insulated-cooling module of circulating ethylene glycol and water refrigerants that chill the solution below its freezing point. An operating head then slides down on the sample container, immersing a thermistor temperature probe and stirring wire. Once the solvent molecules have aggregated and been supercooled, the stirring is set to vibrate more rapidly and aggressively to seed the solution with crystals, partially freezing it into a slush. During this liquid-to-solid phase transition, thermal energy is released into the solution as heat of fusion and proceeds until a tem perature plateau that is slightly below the true freezing point is reached. The thermistor responds to this temperature change by altering its electrical resistance, thereby creating small variations in current sensed by a galvanometer, which also detects the direction of current flow in the Wheatstone bridge that subsequently measures the unknown resistance. Lastly, a balancing potentiometer adjusts this resistance until the galvanometer returns to its null position of zero current, sequentially displaying the osmolality that is calculated by the following formula: where kf is the cryoscopic constant (1.86 Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦kg/mol) and ΆT is the temperature change. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by abnormally high serum glucose (>360 mOsm/kg). In a study conducted by Siervo et al., they measured blood serum osmolality levels in diabetic and non-diabetic older adults as an indicator of their hydration status, which is correlated to this disease. By using the Bland-Altman method to compare to a measured reference standard (via an osmometer), a successful serum osmolarity prediction formula-based on freezing point depression-was used to assess osmotically important chemicals in the control and study group: Calculated Osmolarity = 1.86 ÃÆ'- (Na+ + K+) + 1.15 ÃÆ'- glucose + urea +14 (mmol/L) (eq.3) With 79% sensitivity and 89% specificity, this equation serves as a first-stage screening method for diabetes diagnosis. Individuals with diabetes mellitus was shown to have higher serum osmolality levels (> 300 mOsm/kg) and glucose levels characteristic of their dehydration state. 2. Fluorescence anisotropy describes the phenomenon that occurs when a fluorophore that has been excited with linearly polarized light emits fluorescence with unequal intensities along different polarization axes as its absorption and emission transition moments lie along specific directions within its structure. The degree of this linear polarisation in its emission-resulting from photoselection of an optically isotropic sample-is described by its steady-state anisotropy: where I|| and Ià ¢Ã…  Ã‚ ¥ are relative intensities detected for emission that is parallel and perpendicular to the electric vector of linearly polarized incident light, respectively (where a non-zero reveals a polarized emission). The denominator represents total fluorescence intensity (I) as it incorporates the three mutually orthogonal emission components, including the second perpendicular emission plane that sets anisotropy apart from polarization. By timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ resolved measurements, this quantifies depolarisation of fluorescence emission mainly caused by an energy transfer to another molecule of a different orientation or rotation (due to Brownian motion). Subsequently, enzyme-substrate binding constants and reaction kinetics can be studied since the rotational correlation time of a molecule would change, which is related to anisotropy by a Perrin equation thus allowing for determination of its molecular size and mobility: (eq. 2) where ro is fundamental anisotropy of the fluorophore; à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is the fluorescence lifetime; and ÃŽÂ ¸ is the rotational correlation time. The purpose of the study conducted by Schrell et al. was to develop a microfluidic biochemical test that can monitor insulin secretion dynamics upon glucose stimulation of single islets via interactions between insulin and its antibody. They were inspired by the fact that assays available today involves difficult separation systems that pose a challenge to non-specialized laboratories. This device can examine mechanisms behind abnormal secretions of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus in real-time. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from male mice and incubated in RPMI-1640 media. A singlet islet was housed in a microfluidic chamber and stimulated with various levels of glucose from a gravity-based perfusion system. These channels have inputs for low and high glucose concentrations. Flowing from a top-to-bottom direction, most of t he mixed perfusion solution is sent to waste through a shunt channel while a portion of it is directed to a sealed islet chamber. The total perfusate containing the islet secretions then combines with solutions of high affinity insulin antibodies (Ab) and Cy5-labeled insulin* as it passes the assay mixing channel where both insulin and insulin* competitively bind to Ab. Since insulin* has a smaller rotational time compared to the Ab-insulin* complex, its emission is more depolarized and by measuring the bound/free ratio of the Ab-insulin* complex and free insulin*-via capillary or microfluidic electrophoresis-insight on insulin secretion dynamics can be gained as it is indirectly proportional to the amount of insulin in the sample. With a laser-induced fluorescence detection system, linearly polarized light from a 635-nm laser passes through a linear polarizer and reaches a dichroic mirror that focuses the beam towards the microfluidic channel (to excite the immunoassay mixture) vi a a microscope which also collects the fluorescence light emitted from the sample. It then travels back to the dichroic mirror and through an emission and 635-nm notch filter for removal of stray incident light. Next, a cube-shaped polarizing beam splitter splits the emission into parallel (Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¥) and perpendicular (Ià ¢Ã…  Ã‚ ¥) component intensities to individual linear polarizers before detection by PMTs. The fluorescein-PMT signals are converted to anisotropy via eq. 1 and by using its online fluorescence anisotropy immunoassay calibration curve, insulin concentration (thus its online secretion dynamics) can be determined. 3. Created primarily by plasma cells, antibodies (or immunoglobulins) are large Y-shaped proteins recruited by the immune system to neutralize foreign agents via a precise lock-key binding mechanism. They attach to the epitope of antigens using the paratope of its fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region with high specificity. Although widely established and characterized in proteomics, antibodies have limited target potential since their targets must elicit a strong immune response for these proteins to be produced. Recently, the revolutionary development of a simple, controlled, and scalable in-vitro technique called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) has allowed for the isolation and identification of aptamers which were evolved from random oligonucleotide pools. Unlike their protein counterparts, these small oligonucleotide or peptide ligands can fold into unique 3D structures than can bind to many classes of target biomolecules due their wide range i n molecular recognition. Therefore, these high-affinity ligands have the benefit of unlimited diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Aptamers can now supplement monoclonal antibodies in pharmaceutical research since they have greater advantages in their stability, in-vitro capability, size, immunogenicity, target potential, production, and ability to be modified. First, the temperature resistance of aptamers prevents denaturation and loss of structure, providing them stability at room temperature. Antibodies, contrastingly, require refrigeration as proteins denature easily, degrade over time, and have a shorter shelf life. Though, proteins have the benefit of not being affected by nuclease enzymes found in the body, which specifically cleave nucleic acid bonds. Second, aptamers are made in-vitro via SELEX; this selection means that they can be manipulated to adapt to any conditions. For antibodies, the adaptability of proteins made in-vivo are restricted to the environment of the host animal as their distribution requires the stimulation of an immune response in that live organism. Third, these smaller-sized aptam ers enable them to interact with targets that may be inaccessible to the larger proteins like cell surface targets and fragments. Also, despite their improved bioavailability, they have a shortened half-life due to susceptibility to kidney filtration. Fourth, the immunogenicity of aptamers protects them from recognition by the immune system and a subsequent negative immune response. Conversely, antibodies are frequently tagged as foreign substances which, with higher dosing, increases their chances of eliciting an immune response. Fourth, with unlimited target potential, aptamers have a greater selection of targets compared to antibodies since their targets are independent of the immune system. Fifth, aptamer synthesis does not require the large-scale production of many different colonies in cell cultures that antibodies depend on which is costly, subjected to viral or bacterial contamination, and may cause variation per batch created. Lastly, aptamers can readily adopt conjugation chemistries such as dye or functional group attachments without it being stochastic, negatively affecting activity, or leading to product mixtures hence any shortcomings such serum degradation, variable pharmacokinetic and systemic properties, can be combated with additional modifications. The SELEX process is an useful technique that can decipher a proteins binding site on ss-DNA/RNA or peptides. This enrichment protocol requires the following steps: (1) define the target molecule; (2) form a large combinatorial double-stranded oligonucleotide library of DNA/RNA ligands with primer binding sites at its ends and wobble bases in the middle for potential PCR amplification; (3) expose this pool of oligonucleotides to the target molecule; (4) partition and isolate the successful binding aptamers that have been selected by the target molecule from the non-binding ones then amplify and subject them to additional selection cycles for further enchainment; (5) from the remaining small amount of high affinity binding molecules: isolate and sequence the individual aptamers, then refine them with altered nucleoside triphosphates like 2-fluoro-dCTP to increase stability against endonuclease degradation by becoming unrecognized. 4. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy is a high axial-resolution imaging technique used to visualize a thin region of live specimen cells that have been incorporated with fluorescent molecules. Supported on a glass slide, this microscope optically sections the cell-substrate interface and emphasizes near membrane molecular events that are within ~100nm of the sample-coverslip contact region. Accordingly, single molecule fluorescence can be detected for fluorophores situated near adherent cell surfaces as they are being selectively irradiated, thereby minimizing excitation of fluorophores outside this focal plane and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. This removes any out-of-focus intracellular fluorescence and reduces cellular photodamage, allowing for high-contrast and spatial resolution image production. With these advances, the biochemical kinetics and spatial-temporal dynamics of single biomolecules that are associated exclusively with process occurring at or ne ar the plasma membrane can now be studied. Depending on the incidence angle and refractive index differences of the two media, the collimated light beam can be reflected at the interface or refracted as it enters the second medium limiting most of the light to the higher-index medium. In TIRFM, total internal reflection occurs as the laser excitation on the glass microscope slide (n = 1.518) propagates the light wave towards an interface of a lower-index, aqueous medium (n = 1.33-1.37) at an incident angle greater than the critical angle. The critical angle can be calculated by Snells Law: (eq.1) where n(1) is the higher refractive index; n(2) is the lower refractive index; sin(ÃŽÂ ¸c) is the critical incident angle relative to the normal of the interface; and sin(90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °) is the corresponding refracted angle. When the beam completely reflects into the microscope slide, a highly restricted electromagnetic field is induced in the specimen medium, immediately adjacent and perpendicular to the interface. With the same frequency as the incident light, this evanescent field extends a few hundred nanometers into the specimen. Since its intensity decays exponentially with distance, it can selectively excite fluorophores near the glass surface given that the energies of their electronic transitions match the wavelength bandwidth of the beam relative to its resonance conditions: (eq.2) where E(z) is the energy at a perpendicular distance z from the interface; E(0) is the energy at the interface; (d) is the penetration depth. The secondary fluorescence emission of the fluorophores is confined to a thin region and detected by microscope optics by the prism or objective lens method. Bowser and Khakh conducted a study to decipher the mechanisms behind astrocyte transmitter release during exocytosis by using TIRFM to image individual SpH-laden vesicles and discovered that these events were either evoked or occurred spontaneously. They used mixed hippocampal neuron-astrocyte cultures that were transfected with synaptopHluorin cDNA because this genetically encoded fluorescent SpH reporter allowed visualization of exocytosis at the single-vesicle level by exploiting changes in pH. With the objective lens adjusted to a high numerical aperture, total internal reflection was attained with a coherent laser source and the subsequent evanescent field event excited SpHs near the coverslip-sample interface. These SpH events appeared as spontaneous increases in fluorescence intensity as the loaded vesicles became brighter when they entered the evanescent field. Eventually, as the vesicles fused with the plasma membrane, the signal rapidly decreased as the fluorescently label ed contents diffused out of the cell. In agreement with the hypothesis, ionomycin (a calcium ionophore) increased its frequency during this event, which proves that these SpH events are representative of exocytosis. For further support, the investigators compared this control group with a negative control cells transfected with plasmids encoding for the light chain of botulinum toxin E. As expected, no SpH events were seen since this neurotoxin specifically cleaves proteins involved in synaptic vesicle exocytosis. 5. Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method that uses an electric field to push a mixture of charged molecules-macromolecules or nanoparticles-through a porous (agarose or polyacrylamide) gel which serves as a separation medium. Unlike oligonucleotides, proteins and their fragments are not only separated and analyzed based on differences in size, but mostly by the magnitude of their charge. Generally, nucleic acids are sorted and visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis after being dispensed into the wells-by an operator-made during the casting of the gel. It takes advantage of DNA being negatively charged at neutral pH in the presence of ionic solutions like TAE or TBE due to its sugar-phosphate backbone. Connected to a power source, the gel is placed in an electrophoresis chamber. When an electric current is applied, they migrate from the cathode to the positively charged anode across the agarose matrix. The buffer solution serves to maintain the pH and salt concentration and contains 0.5-2.0% w/v of added agarose to successfully form a porous lattice to retard molecular motions by a sieving mechanism. Hence, shorter substrates travel faster and farther than longer ones as they can easily move through the pores, creating distinct bands based on their differential rates of migration. The gel can then be visualised with a U.V. trans-illuminator after staining the DNA with ethidium bromide. Contrarywise, capillary electrophoresis uses a fused-silica capillary tube that is filled with a polymer solution (such as hydroxyethylcellulose) instead of the traditional physical gel. It is essentially electrophoresis being conducted in a capillary tube, which also accomplishes size separation by inserting positive and negative platinum electrodes at its two ends, application of DC current and high voltage with a power supply, using buffer reservoirs for the mobile phase, and employing an on-column detector. However, the DNA samples are loaded differently by electrok inetically injecting them into the separation medium at inlet end. A positive charge is created at the outlet of the capillary to attract these negatively charged DNA via suction, which will then travel to the detector to produce a signal used to create an electropherogram. This method is the most efficient modern separation technique due to its shorter loading time and higher-resolution results, which is governed by the Van-Deemter formula where a smaller plate height indicates a higher efficiency of separation. The velocity of solute transport down the capillary tube is governed by the following equation: (eq. 2) where Veo is the electroosmotic velocity; Ve is the electrophoretic velocity; and Vtotal is the apparent ionic velocity. Specifically, the electroosmotic flow of the solution describes the nature of fluid movement and occurs due to the charge distribution at the silica/capillary interface. The negatively charged, surface bound silanol groups of the fused silica (~pKa 4) contains tightly adsorbed cations above it is the net positively charged-diffuse part of the double layer that is rich in cations. Beyond this, the bulk solution is electrically neutral. In other words, an electric double layer forms at the capillary wall. Under an electric field, the excessive solvated cations pull the water molecules during migration from the anode (inlet) towards the cathode (outlet) of the capillary, where the detector is located. This net movement of the solution front is described by the following formula: (eq. 3) where Veo is the electroosmotic velocity; ÃŽÂ ¼eo isthe electroosmotic mobility; and E is the electric field strength. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility of the solute is based on the movement of a charged molecule under an electric field, which is proportional to its charge/solute size (q/r) ratio: (eq. 4) where Veo is the electrophoretic velocity; ÃŽÂ ¼eo isthe electrophoretic mobility; and E is the electric field strength. In the presence of electroosmotic flow, the magnitude of velocity for positive ions is greater than negative ions since they are naturally inclined to travel in the direction of the cathode rather than in reverse. References Question 1: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/100/3/867.short http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/345770 http://panza.uchicago.edu/Phys.261/materials/Osmometer/ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00311.x/pdf http://www.geminibv.nl/labware/advanced-instruments-inc.-3300-micro-osmometer/advance-micro-osmometer-3300-users-guide.pdf/view https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3886624/ http://www.openisbn.com/preview/0471285722/%20 http://www.iupui.edu/~cletcrse/380/ch3suppos.htm https://books.google.ca/books?id=z9SzvsSCHv4Cpg=PA57lpg=PA57dq=osmometer+instrumentationsource=blots=JphQsqNWnFsig=UJ3t-Ax6d3kHyQEjdA40I5S8wx8hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjDyYqH7ZXSAhUb0IMKHSScAgcQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepageq=osmometer%20instrumentationf=false https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/-using-a-freezing-point-depression-osmometer-to-measure-serum-osmolality Question 2 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/ay/c6ay02899c https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2013/pdf/85030589.pdf http://www.horiba.com/fileadmin/uploads/Scientific/Documents/Fluorescence/Tech_Note2_-_Anisotropy.pdf http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-46312-4_10 https://www.picoquant.com/applications/category/life-science/fluorescence-anisotropy-polarization http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~traceslab/FLD_Anisotropy.pdf Question 3 http://aptamerstbc2013.wixsite.com/aptamers/vs-monoclonal-antibodies http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v9/n7/box/nrd3141_BX1.html https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_is_the_monoclonal_antibody_used_more_than_the_aptamer http://www.basepairbio.com/research-and-publications/aptamer-applications/aptamers-antibodies/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17627883 https://www.google.ca/search?safe=strictespv=2q=advantages+of+antibodies+verus+apatmersoq=advantages+of+antibodies+verus+apatmersgs_l=serp.3..30i10k1.10392.13224.0.13547.15.15.0.0.0.0.155.1255.8j5.13.0.01c.1.64.serp..2.9.9150i22i30k1j33i160k1j33i21k1.QfKckWwb9sI http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v5/n6/full/nprot.2010.66.html https://www.trilinkbiotech.com/tech/selex.asp https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21720957 Question 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091679X08006079 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733042 http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/fluorescence/tirf/tirfhome.html http://jcs.biologists.org/content/123/21/3621.short https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964103/ http://www.pnas.org/content/104/10/4212.full https://www.microscopyu.com/techniques/fluorescence/total-internal-reflection-fluorescence-tirf-microscopy http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v1/n6/full/nprot.2006.449.html Question 5 http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/genetics/explained/electrophoresis https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses

British Invasion Of Black Soul Music Music Essay

British Invasion Of Black Soul Music Music Essay In the early 1960s before the British invasion black soul music, Doo wop, Motown and RB dominated the American audiences. The 1960s saw the civil rights movement. In 1963, a march on Washington saw the passing of the civil rights act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment. This followed with the assassination of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, spurring riots in 125 US cities in 1968, coinciding with the civil rights act of 1968. The 1960s saw Billboard change the name of its RB chart to Soul, but the term Soul had been used as a label since the mid 50s. It had its beginnings in the 1950s when Ray Charles exploited the gospel sound to create fusions of black religious and RB music with songs such as I got a woman based on the gospel song My Jesus is all the World. Sam Cooke also contributed a great deal to Soul. Cooke produced an almost unbroken sequence of hits from 1957 to 1964, the year of his death his music gave proof that anything was possible. This influenced artists who would later become global black Soul performers such as Aretha Franklin, The Falcons and James Brown. Groups such as The Angels, The Shirelles and The Righteous Brothers helped to popularize the music as mainstream. For much of the 1960s soul could be seen as the umbrella term for black popular music, which dominated American audiences in the early to mid 1960s. However one of the biggest success stories was the Detroit based Motown, which could be seen as pop soul which gave fame to names such as Diana Ross, Gladys Knight and Smokey Robinson. Tamla Motown was created by Berry Gordy Jr and although the stars were all black, you couldnt fully define it as black music as the intent was to make music palatable to white audiences. Gordy was also known to have controlled the performing styles and clothes in a way to prepare them for the wider mainstream audience. Amongst the most successful of his artist was Marvin Gaye, who was the first to take his artistic control over his recordings and repertoire. The East Coast DooWop and girl groups also made a contribution to African-American music during the 1960s. They were singers and groups whose origins were found on the street corners in the form of cappella groups found in many urban centres. With very rare exceptions, these groups did not write their own songs, but relied on their handlers to set up the recording sessions, pick the material, and produce the records. In fact, many of these behind-the-scenes people eventually became stars in their own right in the seventies. The influence of Doo Wop can be seen in soul music through groups such as William Robinsons, The Miracles who started a Doo Wop group whilst at school. White popular music of the UK developed into one of the most leading musics in the world. Through the 1950s there existed a barely understood American style. Rock and Roll. At the beginning of 1960 American pop music continued to set the patterns of the native musical efforts in the UK. The US contribution to the British charts was large and extremely important At this point- the twist was in full swing, Chubby Checker, Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis dominated the British charts. After rock and roll, Britain returned to its traditional values with the likes of Cliff Richard and Living Doll which brought mums and dads along as well. For a short while in Britain at the end of the 1950s into the early 60s there was a revival of American Skiffle, made popular by Skiffle artist, Lonnie Donegan. Skiffle was the first attempt undertaken to appropriate American popular music. It was a growing interest in rural and urban blues. Many of these interests involved a conservative nostalgia for the authentic of some imagined yesteryear. Skiffle would later influence John Lennon and Paul Mcartney in their first band The Quarrymen and The Beatles. We can also see the influence of African American artists through British RB which developed as a major musical movement in the early 1960s, initially in London, but also in other urban centres in the UK, as predominately young white male musicians attempted to emulate the style and recordings of African American RB artists. We can see this influence through The Rolling Stones. Muddy Waters used song extension to transform 1940s Chicago Blues. This was achieved by reviving repertoire he had learnt and increasing amplification. 15 years later The Stones and subsequently Cream and Canned Heat followed his example in substance as well as spirit by themselves drawing from the same source. Thus The Stones recorded I Just want to make love to you and I cant be Satisfied. Blues songs and influences continued to surface in the Rolling Stones music throughout their long career. Cream made versions of the delta blues and Canned Heat took their inspiration from the delta bluesman Tommy Johnson. This song copying tradition played a big role in the pop music.- All these African American influences such as Skiffle, RB and Soul along with white American Rock and Roll gave way to Beat music or the Merseybeat. Bands who defined this genre were largely the Beatles but also Hermans Hermits and Gerry and the Pacemakers, to name a few. In Walter Everetts The Beatles as Musicians he describes their compositional style as imitations of buddy holly and RB techniques practised by the witty guitarist Chuck Berry, the energetic Little Richard, and the humorous and skilful coasters After the large success of the Merseybeat in the UK, it transformed over to the US led by The Beatles on the 7th of February 1964. This would be then followed by other beat, pop and rock groups. Among the most successful bands in the genre were the Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, The Kinks, Manfred Mann, The Animals, the Spencer Davis Group and The Who. Many of these bands dominated the UK and US charts from 1964, becoming a second wave of British Invasion acts in the US, and in the UK were central to the Mod subculture. Several of the bands and their members went on to become leading rock music performers of the late 1960s and early 1970s, helping to create sub-genres that included psychedelic, progressive and hard rock and making RB a key component of that music. However the British Invasion ended careers of black artists such as chubby checker and fats domino with only a handful surviving such as the Motown artists. However soul music did remain popular through evolved forms such as Funk which can be associated to James Brown. This later developed into Funk and Soul influenced by Phychedelic Rock. A good example would be the band Sly and the Family Stone and their album Stand! who were successful. However groups such as The Miracles and The Supremes found it hard to keep up with the changing trends and could never recover. Black music charted a musical path different from white rock. Although much black music crossed over to the pop charts, black performers did not share common ground with their white counterparts.-

Las Vegas Essay -- Nevada Tourism Gambeling Essays

Las Vegas Las Vegas, also known as â€Å"Sin City†, is one of the most popular tourist spots in the world. It is the fastest growing city in the United States with a population of over a million people. Six thousand people move to Vegas every month and only one thousand people leave, giving it a net growth of approximately five thousand people a month. If you visit Las Vegas once a year, you will see huge changes in with the city to accommodate their phenomenal growth. I flew into Las Vegas for Spring Break of 2005. My Uncle and his family live there so it makes for a fun and relaxing get-away. It had been four years since my last visit to Vegas and there were enormous changes in that amount of time. Flying into Las Vegas offers a spectacular view of the area. Mountains surround the vast city and you can see a breathtaking view of Lake Mead. Right before the plane touches down on the runway, the sights of the city are more visible as the airport is relatively close to the famous Las Vegas Strip. Colorful, bright lights and huge glamorous buildings line the famous Strip, all of them presenting a different theme or culture. Arriving in the busy Las Vegas airport you are immediately greeted with the sights and sounds of slot machines. The lure of gambling is one of the first sights the city offers. The airport is full of hustling people of all walks of life and from many different countries. It is quite common to hear people talking in their native language as you make your way to the luggage claim. But, despite all the congestion of people heading in all directions, it is very easy to find your way through the airport. As one leaves the airport and merges into the heavy traffic, it becomes apparent that you are not i... ...inter months. My cousin works on Bear’s Best Golf Course, which was designed by Jack Nickolus and is built around the mountains. It is a very impressive and challenging golf course with many sand traps, water hazards, tall roughs, and fast greens. As you can tell, I really enjoyed my trip to Las Vegas. My vacation was from a different perspective than most visitors, since I had relatives to show me a different Vegas. Their Vegas was not the gaudy, showy Vegas, but the Vegas that they live in everyday. I was blessed with the opportunity to meet new people and visit with them about the work world in Las Vegas. I enjoyed the gambling and doing some night clubbing. But, I enjoyed even more the time with my relatives and their friends. Vegas is definitely a place I can see myself living after I am done with school. It has great job opportunities for college graduates.

Carl Sandburg Essay -- essays research papers

Carl Sandburg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carl Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois on January 6, 1878. Carl and his family lived in a three room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois. His parent’s names were August and Clara Anderson Sandburg. Sandburg’s nickname was Charlie. His parents were both Swedish immigrants. His Dad worked for a blacksmith in Chicago. Sandburg did not have much of an education because he quit school at the age of thirteen. His favorite subject in school was geography. He started reading in elementary school, and he liked it too. His favorite stories were mostly detective stories. Some of his favorites were Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He went to Lombard College and there his literary talents came out. Sandburg was encouraged by Phillip Green Wright, his professor. Sandburg started writing poetry at Lombard College. Sandburg had a number of jobs and worked almost his whole life. When he quit college he worked as a day laborer. While traveli ng as a hobo in 1897, he contrasted the difference between the rich and the poor. When he was twenty, he entered the Spanish-American war and was ordered to Puerto Rico. After Morgan 2 graduation he was a newspaperman in Milwaukee. In 1907 and 1908 he was district organizer for the social Democratic party. While in Milwaukee he met a woman named Lilian Steichen. They were married in 1908 until his death on July 22, 1967. Lilian was a school teacher. During 1910-1912 he was secretary t...

Sylvia Plath Biography :: essays research papers

Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath: Born: October 27th 1932, Boston Died: 11th February 1963, London Sylvia Plath was born in 1932 and her Brother Warren was born in April,1935. When she was around 8 years old (1940) her father Otto died and she was devastated but never showed it. In 1941 Plath’s poem was printed in the children’s section of Boston Herald, it was a short poem about what Plath’s saw and heard on summer nights. After Plath had just graduated in 1950, her Poem â€Å" Bitter Strawberries† appeared in The Christian Science Monitor which was her first national publication. Also in 1950 Plath entered Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. 1952 Plath won Mademoiselle’s college fiction contest with her story â€Å" Sunday At The Mintons.† Through college she dated many boys and had a serious relationship with Dick Norton. However she developed depression and often thought about suicide. Plath spent most of June 1953 as a guest editor at Mademoiselle’s magazine, she was one of twenty people to be involved in this. In August 1953 Plath stole the sleeping pills that had been locked away and crawled in the crawl space under the porch through the cellar, She took forty of them. Her parents found her 2 days later after hearing moaning coming from the cellar, when they found her she was covered in her vomit and dazed but alive. April 1954 Plath started bleaching her hair platinum blonde and was awarded a $1,200 scholarship for her next year at Smith and also received one to Harvard Summer School. During the summer in Boston (1954) Plath began to date an older man who she said had raped her and had nearly bleed to death from hemorrhage. She continued to him even after this incident had occurred. 1955 Plath’s â€Å"Go Get The Gloodly Squab† was published in Harper’s and she also received an honourable mention in Mademoiselle’s Dylan Thomas poetry contest for her poem â€Å"parallax.† â€Å"Circus In Three Rings† was her first poem to finally be published in The Atlantic Monthly. Early 1956 Plath had learnt that her grandmother had developed stomach cancer. At this time Plath was also suffered with insomnia and sinus infections and her writing was getting rejected from publication. She then had attended a party where she met Ted Hughes an English poet who immediately caught her eye at first glance. By the time Plath and Hughes had been together for 2 months they were discussing marriage and decided to get married secretly so it wouldn’t jeopardize Plath’s fellowship grant.

Unknown Lab Report

Margaret E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera Lab Report 3: Labs 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests Abstract This experiment focused on metabolism and biochemical tests. The goal of performing these tests was to differentiate microbes from one another and to compare how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. The tests performed include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The microbes tested during these various tests were looking for which would: reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, reduce nitrate, and contain protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to observe various metabolic processes by determining the pH of certain bacteria, determining if the bacteria was urease positive or negative, determining which bacteria ferment which sugar(s) during fermentation, and determining if bacteria are lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters. Metabolic processes can also be observed by determining if bacteria reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, determining which bacteria are able to reduce nitrate, determining if bacteria contain protease, determining if bacteria contain catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to determine these metabolic processes include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The different types of microbes studied in this experiment include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Escherichia coli is mainly found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US Food and Drug Administration). Bacillus cereus is a known medium of food poisoning and causes vomiting and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is connected with food spoilage of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady Country Community College). Staphylococcus epidermis often infects hospital patients with weak immune systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute). Enterobacter aerogenes is the source of numerous infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, water, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). Several hypotheses arise during this experiment due to the many subjects being tested. However, since there are numerous tests being performed, a more general hypothesis can be ascertained. The hypothesis for all tests in both Lab 7 and Lab 8 is that the outcome of the tests will produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For Part A of Lab 7, label Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) tube. Then, using aseptic technique, inoculate each bacteria into each color tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Record the results. For Part B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria by streaking the surface of the agar slant. Record the results. For Part C, label Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plate with the MacConkey agar. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the labeled parts of the plate. Record the results. Lab 8 For Part A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris. Using aseptic technique, â€Å"stab† the inoculating loop ? of the way to the bottom of the tube and then pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and â€Å"control. † Using aseptic technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, add ten drops of sulfanilic acid anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, record the record the results. If not, add zinc dust to the tube and vortex it. Record the results. For Part C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part D, put a few drops of water on the slide and then inoculate it with Bacillus cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For Part E, use a sterile swab to transfer the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7: Part A [pic] |[pic] | |Figure 1 |Figure 2 | |Figure 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orange |Figure 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was | |ring at the top that fades to yellow at the bottom, was cloudy |orange throughout, had darker solution inside the tube than out, | |all the way through, and had no bubbles. |was very cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 3 |Figure 4 | |Figure 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it was|Figure 4 is Bacillus cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark| |yellow and cloudy throughout, and had no bubbles. |orange ring at the top and was light orange, it was cloudy at the| | |bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 5 |Figure 6 | | | | |Figure 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose. As shown, it was|Figure 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange | |all yellow and cloudy (++), and had no bubbles. |ring at the top, was yellow and cloudy (++) throughout, and had | | |no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 7 |Figure 8 | | | | |Figure 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was |Figure 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose. As shown, it was orange| |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 9 |Figure 10 | | | | |Figure 9 is the unknown for lactose. As shown, it was uniformly |Figure 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it | |light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. |was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and | | |had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 11 |Figure 12 | | | | |Figure 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was |Figure 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose. As shown, it was red | |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | Lab 7: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 13 |Figure 14 | |Figure 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red |Figure 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had faint | |colonies (+++) and remained the same color. |cloudy colonies (+) and remained the same color. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 15 |Figure 16 | |Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had faint cloudy |Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright pink | |colonies (+) and remained the same color. |throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a change in | | |color. | Lab 7: Part C pic] Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no growth, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed substantial growth (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial growth (+++) and turned pink. Lab 8: Part A |[pic] |[pic] | |Fi gure 18 |Figure 19 | |Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it showed |Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no | |substantial growth (+++). |growth. | |[pic] | | |Figure 20 | | |Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial | | |growth (+++), turned black, and exhibited a red ring at the top. | Lab 8: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 21 |Figure 22 | |Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of |Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the way | |the way through separated by black at the bottom. |through separated by black at the bottom. | Lab 8: Part C [pic] Figure 23 Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8: Part D [pic] Figure 24 Figure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8: Part E [pic] Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens turned purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was correct: the expected results were obtained and therefore made it possible to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknown’s pH was slightly alkaline and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH around neutral for all three of the sugars and there were bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide gas during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a slightly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 3, 5, and 10). The Bacillus cereus had a slightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was also urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, meaning it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16). In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is Gram positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth above the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control also turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22). In the Protein Hydrolysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxidase test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25). As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would result in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is always an opportunity for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made better is by testing more of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes used in the tests were not consistently present in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would aid greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and observing how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they ultimately serve as a basis for further study of the subject. By learning basic metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers can then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each other. This will aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potentially life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. References US Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Schenectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can Cause Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . Excerpt from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a Biological Control Organism. 2006-2007. . . Unknown Lab Report Margaret E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera Lab Report 3: Labs 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests Abstract This experiment focused on metabolism and biochemical tests. The goal of performing these tests was to differentiate microbes from one another and to compare how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. The tests performed include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The microbes tested during these various tests were looking for which would: reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, reduce nitrate, and contain protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to observe various metabolic processes by determining the pH of certain bacteria, determining if the bacteria was urease positive or negative, determining which bacteria ferment which sugar(s) during fermentation, and determining if bacteria are lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters. Metabolic processes can also be observed by determining if bacteria reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, determining which bacteria are able to reduce nitrate, determining if bacteria contain protease, determining if bacteria contain catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to determine these metabolic processes include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The different types of microbes studied in this experiment include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Escherichia coli is mainly found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US Food and Drug Administration). Bacillus cereus is a known medium of food poisoning and causes vomiting and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is connected with food spoilage of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady Country Community College). Staphylococcus epidermis often infects hospital patients with weak immune systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute). Enterobacter aerogenes is the source of numerous infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, water, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). Several hypotheses arise during this experiment due to the many subjects being tested. However, since there are numerous tests being performed, a more general hypothesis can be ascertained. The hypothesis for all tests in both Lab 7 and Lab 8 is that the outcome of the tests will produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For Part A of Lab 7, label Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) tube. Then, using aseptic technique, inoculate each bacteria into each color tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Record the results. For Part B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria by streaking the surface of the agar slant. Record the results. For Part C, label Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plate with the MacConkey agar. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the labeled parts of the plate. Record the results. Lab 8 For Part A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris. Using aseptic technique, â€Å"stab† the inoculating loop ? of the way to the bottom of the tube and then pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and â€Å"control. † Using aseptic technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, add ten drops of sulfanilic acid anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, record the record the results. If not, add zinc dust to the tube and vortex it. Record the results. For Part C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part D, put a few drops of water on the slide and then inoculate it with Bacillus cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For Part E, use a sterile swab to transfer the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7: Part A [pic] |[pic] | |Figure 1 |Figure 2 | |Figure 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orange |Figure 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was | |ring at the top that fades to yellow at the bottom, was cloudy |orange throughout, had darker solution inside the tube than out, | |all the way through, and had no bubbles. |was very cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 3 |Figure 4 | |Figure 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it was|Figure 4 is Bacillus cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark| |yellow and cloudy throughout, and had no bubbles. |orange ring at the top and was light orange, it was cloudy at the| | |bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 5 |Figure 6 | | | | |Figure 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose. As shown, it was|Figure 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange | |all yellow and cloudy (++), and had no bubbles. |ring at the top, was yellow and cloudy (++) throughout, and had | | |no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 7 |Figure 8 | | | | |Figure 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was |Figure 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose. As shown, it was orange| |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 9 |Figure 10 | | | | |Figure 9 is the unknown for lactose. As shown, it was uniformly |Figure 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it | |light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. |was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and | | |had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 11 |Figure 12 | | | | |Figure 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was |Figure 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose. As shown, it was red | |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | Lab 7: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 13 |Figure 14 | |Figure 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red |Figure 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had faint | |colonies (+++) and remained the same color. |cloudy colonies (+) and remained the same color. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 15 |Figure 16 | |Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had faint cloudy |Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright pink | |colonies (+) and remained the same color. |throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a change in | | |color. | Lab 7: Part C pic] Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no growth, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed substantial growth (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial growth (+++) and turned pink. Lab 8: Part A |[pic] |[pic] | |Fi gure 18 |Figure 19 | |Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it showed |Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no | |substantial growth (+++). |growth. | |[pic] | | |Figure 20 | | |Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial | | |growth (+++), turned black, and exhibited a red ring at the top. | Lab 8: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 21 |Figure 22 | |Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of |Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the way | |the way through separated by black at the bottom. |through separated by black at the bottom. | Lab 8: Part C [pic] Figure 23 Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8: Part D [pic] Figure 24 Figure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8: Part E [pic] Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens turned purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was correct: the expected results were obtained and therefore made it possible to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknown’s pH was slightly alkaline and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH around neutral for all three of the sugars and there were bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide gas during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a slightly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 3, 5, and 10). The Bacillus cereus had a slightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was also urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, meaning it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16). In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is Gram positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth above the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control also turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22). In the Protein Hydrolysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxidase test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25). As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would result in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is always an opportunity for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made better is by testing more of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes used in the tests were not consistently present in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would aid greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and observing how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they ultimately serve as a basis for further study of the subject. By learning basic metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers can then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each other. This will aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potentially life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. References US Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Schenectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can Cause Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . Excerpt from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a Biological Control Organism. 2006-2007. . . Unknown Lab Report Margaret E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera Lab Report 3: Labs 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests Abstract This experiment focused on metabolism and biochemical tests. The goal of performing these tests was to differentiate microbes from one another and to compare how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. The tests performed include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The microbes tested during these various tests were looking for which would: reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, reduce nitrate, and contain protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to observe various metabolic processes by determining the pH of certain bacteria, determining if the bacteria was urease positive or negative, determining which bacteria ferment which sugar(s) during fermentation, and determining if bacteria are lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters. Metabolic processes can also be observed by determining if bacteria reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, determining which bacteria are able to reduce nitrate, determining if bacteria contain protease, determining if bacteria contain catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to determine these metabolic processes include: the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The different types of microbes studied in this experiment include: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Escherichia coli is mainly found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US Food and Drug Administration). Bacillus cereus is a known medium of food poisoning and causes vomiting and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is connected with food spoilage of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady Country Community College). Staphylococcus epidermis often infects hospital patients with weak immune systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute). Enterobacter aerogenes is the source of numerous infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, water, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). Several hypotheses arise during this experiment due to the many subjects being tested. However, since there are numerous tests being performed, a more general hypothesis can be ascertained. The hypothesis for all tests in both Lab 7 and Lab 8 is that the outcome of the tests will produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For Part A of Lab 7, label Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) tube. Then, using aseptic technique, inoculate each bacteria into each color tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Record the results. For Part B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria by streaking the surface of the agar slant. Record the results. For Part C, label Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plate with the MacConkey agar. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the labeled parts of the plate. Record the results. Lab 8 For Part A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris. Using aseptic technique, â€Å"stab† the inoculating loop ? of the way to the bottom of the tube and then pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and â€Å"control. † Using aseptic technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, add ten drops of sulfanilic acid anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, record the record the results. If not, add zinc dust to the tube and vortex it. Record the results. For Part C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part D, put a few drops of water on the slide and then inoculate it with Bacillus cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For Part E, use a sterile swab to transfer the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7: Part A [pic] |[pic] | |Figure 1 |Figure 2 | |Figure 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orange |Figure 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was | |ring at the top that fades to yellow at the bottom, was cloudy |orange throughout, had darker solution inside the tube than out, | |all the way through, and had no bubbles. |was very cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 3 |Figure 4 | |Figure 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it was|Figure 4 is Bacillus cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark| |yellow and cloudy throughout, and had no bubbles. |orange ring at the top and was light orange, it was cloudy at the| | |bottom, and had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 5 |Figure 6 | | | | |Figure 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose. As shown, it was|Figure 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange | |all yellow and cloudy (++), and had no bubbles. |ring at the top, was yellow and cloudy (++) throughout, and had | | |no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 7 |Figure 8 | | | | |Figure 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was |Figure 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose. As shown, it was orange| |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 9 |Figure 10 | | | | |Figure 9 is the unknown for lactose. As shown, it was uniformly |Figure 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it | |light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. |was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and | | |had no bubbles. |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Figure 11 |Figure 12 | | | | |Figure 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was |Figure 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose. As shown, it was red | |yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. |throughout and had no bubbles. | Lab 7: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 13 |Figure 14 | |Figure 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red |Figure 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had faint | |colonies (+++) and remained the same color. |cloudy colonies (+) and remained the same color. |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 15 |Figure 16 | |Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had faint cloudy |Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright pink | |colonies (+) and remained the same color. |throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a change in | | |color. | Lab 7: Part C pic] Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no growth, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed substantial growth (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial growth (+++) and turned pink. Lab 8: Part A |[pic] |[pic] | |Fi gure 18 |Figure 19 | |Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it showed |Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no | |substantial growth (+++). |growth. | |[pic] | | |Figure 20 | | |Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial | | |growth (+++), turned black, and exhibited a red ring at the top. | Lab 8: Part B |[pic] |[pic] | |Figure 21 |Figure 22 | |Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of |Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the way | |the way through separated by black at the bottom. |through separated by black at the bottom. | Lab 8: Part C [pic] Figure 23 Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8: Part D [pic] Figure 24 Figure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8: Part E [pic] Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens turned purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was correct: the expected results were obtained and therefore made it possible to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknown’s pH was slightly alkaline and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH around neutral for all three of the sugars and there were bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide gas during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a slightly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 3, 5, and 10). The Bacillus cereus had a slightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was also urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, meaning it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16). In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is Gram positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth above the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control also turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22). In the Protein Hydrolysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxidase test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25). As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would result in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is always an opportunity for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made better is by testing more of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes used in the tests were not consistently present in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would aid greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and observing how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they ultimately serve as a basis for further study of the subject. By learning basic metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers can then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each other. This will aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potentially life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. References US Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Schenectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can Cause Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . Excerpt from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a Biological Control Organism. 2006-2007. . .