How to Write a Science Essay

How to Write a skill EssayThe steps to writing a science move argon much the same as any new(prenominal) type of look for cookery, interrogation and analysis, outlining your ideas and then writing your prose. Once completed you need to rationalise your manuscript by cargonfully proofreading for content, context and format required by your instructor. Following a exact give-and-take of each of these points, a discussion on the differences between science essays and other types of essays will be presented.If you conceive of this first paragraph as an example, your first paragraph tells your reader what youre going to write about. Alternately, your first paragraph send word be utilise to get your readers attention with statements or statistics on your emergence in order to focus the read into the urgency of your outcome.PlanningWhen think your essay one of the first steps is making sure you batten the research uncertainty posed to you by your instructor or that you sy mpathize specifically what the field of study is about. If non do some preliminary maroon work to gain any the level of understanding you need to fit through on the essay or to clarify the topic. The planning mannikin is also a time to strategise how you will carry out the take a crap for and how much time you will need. The larger the essay, the to a greater extent(prenominal) pregnant the planning phase and the longer the lead time you will require. A rise-researched 10,000 expression essay probably cannot be pen the night before it is due(p) plan accordingly.Research and analysisWhile many individuals still design the library for research, the internet is also a source of great volumes of information. Depending on the ara of science, master organisations usually have websites with sections dedicated to publications as salubrious as links to other websites that have professional sources of information. These are tenuous sources of information. Additional source s available online include http//scholar.google.com or some of the professional pedantic databases. Try to stay a counseling from general or generic websites such as www.wikipedia.com or www.ask.com as these are not considered valid sources for virtually university essays.Once all of your references are gathered and read, analysing your research is critical in order to accommodate proper sense of what youve read. Only then can you be assured you have enough material to answer the question posed or to support the type of question you are inquire in your essay.Preparing the digestYour schema can be as detailed or as high level as you believe enchant for your essay. Many people skip outline preparation as an essay writing step if they have no problem organising their thoughts but for others, the outline serves as a roadmap and a method of staying focused. The outline should serve to assure all topical areas are covered, that the essay has a proper move of information, that it effectively answers the question posed or discusses all aspects of the topic you wishing to cover in an effective manner.Writing the studyOne way of transitioning from the outline to the essay is by organising the research youve gathered by outline section or point covered. Summarising your reference material and stating how it relates to your topic are your next steps.If youve not prepared an outline, your essay flow might agree something like thisIntroduction and background to the problem.Research question posed or topic selectedThematic presentation of the literature gathered on the topic or used to answer to the question.Discussion of how the material gathered relates to the topic or answers the question perhaps how this relates to a specific area of professional practice.Conclusion summarising your essay.Once again, if youve not prepared an outline, it is critical you work rough to stay focused in your essay. The larger the topic area the more you may be tempted to veer off course. A well written science essay is focused.Proper essays require appropriate citations and referencing. There are many websites with formatting guides that accommodate MLA, APA, Harvard and just about any other format your instructor might request. Most science essays require either Harvard or AMA formatting. Be sure to weaken with your instructor for verification as many university professors will lower your grade if proper formatting is not followed.ConclusionThe conclusion should be a short recap of what youve written. Youre inbredly reminding the reader what youve told them and adding any concluding remarks you feel appropriate.Proofreading and editingProofreading is essential While its tempting to turn in a paper after you write the last word, careful proofreading and editing can let the difference in your grade. If you are using a word bear upon program, first run your spell-check. It will likely remove most spell out errors and question detected grammatical errors. Once you complete your spell check you need to carefully read your paper one or more times for typos and spelling errors that are not picked up by your spell-check. Additionally, it is important to review your writing for sentences that may be too lengthy curve them. Tightening up your writing by eliminating jargon and wordiness make for a more effective and enjoyable essay.How the science essay is diametrical than othersThe science essay is different than many other types of essays. For example, psychology, marketing, sociology, anthropology or so far management essays will all have specific theories you can reference. However, for flying field areas such as these the types of research you are likely to find are both a mix of qualitative and quantitative. For the science essay, the type of research you will most likely find is only quantitative those shroudings with statistics and hard facts. Unless asked for your opinion the science essay is not the place to deal in grey areas. In order to write a well regarded science essay stick strictly to factual data and make sure you present your information in a similar fashion, factually.to a greater extent information on writing the effective essay, proper formatting guides, ledger article analysis, research methodologies and essay examples can be found online.

Analysis of Biochemical Compounds in ‘gynura Procumbens’

Analysis of Biochemical Compounds in gynura ProcumbensExtraction of Biochemical Compounds in gynura Procumbens Using 3 Mixture Design and GcmsName Syazliana Syamira Binti HashimNOVEMBER 2014genus genus genus genus genus Gynura procumbens or cognise locally in Malaysia as Sambung Nyawa or in chinese, it is called Nan Hui Ye is a whole kit and caboodle that was ground in South easterly Asia usually inThailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.This put belongs to the Asteraceae Family.It is a famous conventional herbaceous plant in South einsteinium Asia for the doment of diabetic, in high spirits cholesterol level, crabby person, high blood insistency, kidney discomfort and inflammation.The leave study aims to study the antidiabetic medicate application of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes and to study the authorization toxicity for many of the biochemical compounds in this plant leaves by using the three salmagundi designing and epitome by CGMS technique.In a mixtu re experiment, the independent factors argon proportions of different components of a blend. The fact that the properties of the different factors must sum to hundred% complicates the design as well as the summary of mixture experiments.In this work,a mixture design forget be applied to optimize solvent mixtures for selective extraction of biochemical compounds from Gynura procumbens leaves.Pressurized solvent extractions(PSE) will be performed at 313K and 20MPa,using homogeneous,ethanol(EtOH) and O solvent mixtures.The ope blackleging conditions to extract biochemical compounds from Gynura procumbens leaves will be optimized.The ranges of extraction temperatures and pressures ar 25 60 and 8 25MPa, respectively.GC coupled with MS detection will be utilise to characterize the extracts. baseThe modern lifestyle has become a major aff rectify to the wellness of people well-nigh the world. there are many cases that involve arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus and cancer s and these indispositions remind us about our unhealthy lifestyles and thus give rise in circulative system diseases such(prenominal) as high blood pressure, pre-hypertension and heart disease in positive countries (Johnson and Turner, 2005 Kearney et al., 2005).From the previous time,plants contri savee often been characterd to cure world diseases (Stepp and Moerman,2001 Yesilada, 2005).Today,with the arising threat of intractable diseases,a investigate is to focus on the finding bioactive molecules from plants(Amos et al.,2003 Fatehi et al.,2005).The one such plant is Sambung Nyawa or its scientific name is Gynura procumbens is a constituent of the Asteraceae family(Wiart,2002).Gynura procumbens is commonly utilize as a traditionalistic medicinal plant in Malaysia to treat many diseases. Recently, the use of herbal medicines for complementary discourses of some diseases has been popular and researchers constitute shown that these herbs are commonly used by cancer p atients to manage their diseases (Riboli and Norat, 2003 Van Duijnhoven et al., 2009).Pharmacologic studies in any case have proved that Gynura procumbens possesses anti-herpes simplex virus, (Nawawi et al.,1999), anti-ulcerogenic activities (Mahmood et al., 2010) anti-inflammatory drug (Iskander et al.,2002), and anticancer properties(Agustina et al.,2006).Problem account Gynura procumbens had been presumption attention in the pharmacology of antidiabetic medicinal plants probably because of its solid evidences and efficiency in the traditional vigilance of diabetes mellitus.But in contrast,the scientific reports on the antidiabetic activity of this plant had their own conflicts and inconsistent.For example,Zhang and topaz had report that 95% ethanol extract improved glucose tolerance in STZ-induced diabetic rats, but not in normal rats(Zhang and Tan).These authors excessively reported that its aqueous extract to exert significant anti hyperglycemic action in STZ-induced diab etic rats.But after that,Akowuah et al., on the contrary indicated its glucose lowering effect in normal rats(Akowuah et al.,2001).In the most recent study, the extract of Gynura procumbens was reported to picture significant elevation in the fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels of normal rats but a decrease in diabetic rats(Hassan et al.,2010).Eventhough Gynura procumbens is useful in the treatment of many ailments,however there is a little toxicological instruction that is available regarding to the safety due to the repeated exposure.Thus,a study need to be conducted to improve these reports and give more useful cultures about its widespread uses. therefore,the pose research is to study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes and also to study the say-so toxicity for many of the biochemical compounds in Gynura procumbens leaves.Objectives To study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes.To study the potential tox icity for many of the biochemical compounds in Gynura procumbens leaves.2.0 Literature reexamine2.1 General Overview of Gynura procumbensGynura procumbens that is well-known in South East Asia has traditionally been used to cure rash, eruptive fevers, kidney disease, constipation, migraines, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cancer(Perry,1980).Recently, pharmacological studies have state that this plant has anti-hyperglycaemic(Akowuah et al.,2001 Akowuah et al.,2002),anti-hyperlipideaemic(Zhang and Tan,2000),anti-inflammatory(Iskander et al.,2002) and blood hypertension reduction capabilities(Lam et al.,1998 Kim et al.,2006).The advantages of the traditional use of Gynura procumbens leaves have been supported the isolation and identification of several manageable active chemical constituents from this herb, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids(Akowuah et al.,2002).Gynura procumbens is usually used as a traditional medicinal plant in Malaysia to cure many ailmen ts. It is an annual ever- putting green shrub with a fleshy stem and purple tint.In Malaysia,this plant is called as Sambung nyawa, and it is commonly used in South-East Asia,especially in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.In bitterness of the various uses over long time periods, little toxicological information is available regarding safety following repeated exposure to Gynura procumbens. Currently, Malayan authorities are paying more attention to the safety and potential toxicity of botanicals, including medical plants and edible materials. Therefore,the prey of the present study was to appropriate scientific data on the safety of Gynura procumbens, that focus on the acute and 90 long time (13weeks) sub-chronic toxicity of a wood alcohol extract that was orally administered to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats.Gynura procumbens has recently received particular attention in the pharmacology of antidiabetic medicinal plants,probably because of its admitted empirical evidence and effici ency in the traditional management of diabetes mellitus.Besides that, these study designs are not targeted at pictorial product uncovering or production of standardized herbal forms. Satisfactory research on medicinal plants beyond screening for biological activity should be conducted with the objective to systematically standardize and possess them into natural products or dosage forms which should effectively complement or supplement existing conventional measures(Ali et al.,2012).2.2 Current search of Gynura procumbensThere is presently a good deal of research interest to utilize plant compounds against human diseases, that includes hypertension. The present study investigated the make of different extracts and portions from leaves of Gynura procumbens on rat atrial concretion in vitro. Isolated left and right atria were mounted in a 20-ml pipe organ bath and they were allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes before the application of the extracts or fractions. The extracts ( methanol extract (ME) and petroleum-ether extract (PE) ) and the fractions (chloroform fraction(CHL), ethyl-acetate fraction (EA), n-butanol fraction (NB) and water fraction (WA) of the methanol extract) were tested at three concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml), with a b-adrenergic protagonist (isoprenaline) as a control. exclusively the data on the contraction responses were log-transformed and had been analyzed. When overt to the different extracts, both atria tended to exhibit greater contractive responses with the NB whereas cardiac contractions had a tendency to be reduced with most new(prenominal) extracts. For a given extract, the contraction responses were particularly greater at 0.5 mg/ml for the right atrium and at 1 mg/ml for the left atrium. For the further analysis is to focus on the NB fraction revealed that positive inotropism was greater in left atria exposed to highly-concentrated F2 and F3 sub-fractions.Taken together,the results suggest that NB extracts a nd fractions from the Gynura procumbens-leaf methanol extract have positive inotropic activities and, hence, can be considered as an preference or traditional medicine against increase blood pressure in humans or can be used in strategies aimed at finding antihypertensive biomolecules from an accessible source.In each of these studies, the approach was not bioassay directed, an approach basis to the discovery of novel natural products from their natural sources and or to increase their standardization preparation to formulate into dosage forms for human usage after clinical trials. In summary, there is little analysis on the importance of the different extracts and fractions of Gynura procumbens on heart tissues. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of Gynura procumbens leaves extracts and fractions of the active extract on the contraction of left and right atria (LA and RA, respectively) isolated from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with the aim of exploring the possibilitie s of its standardization or industrial scaling up for natural products against hypertension.2.3 Functions of Gynura procumbensIn South-East Asia, this plant is widely distributed and has often been used to treat diseases. In Indonesia, leaves of the Compositae family are routinely used for treatment in kidney diseases, eruptive fevers, rash, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia(Perry,1980). In Thailand, where this plant is empirically used against topical inflammation, rheumatism, and viral ailments, Iskander and colleagues have reported the anti-inflammatory actions of its extracts(Iskander et al.,2002).Recently, pharmacological investigations in Singapore have shown that extracts of Gynura procumbens reduced blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats(Zhang and Tan,2000). In Malaysia, evidence exists that Gynura procumbens has antidiabetic properties(Akowuah et al.,2001 Bohari et al.,2006). In this country, the currency o f hypertension is high, but the levels of awareness, control, and treatment are still low(Rampal et al.,2008).This species has been used as a traditional medicine to treat inflammation, cancer, rheumatism, and viral infections. Among the various ethnobotanical practices of this plant, the application as a poultice for several(a) skin diseases was found to be a universal usage in many countries (Perry, 1980). The leaves of this plant are not toxic(Rosidah et al., 2009). Gynura procumbensfrom Asteraceae family has been used as a traditional remedy for various skin diseases in certain areas of Southeast Asia(Junoh et al.,2011).2.4 Related DiseasesThere were many attempts to control change magnitude blood pressure that have been used as strategies to control arterial hypertension(Collins et al.,1990 Lang et al.,2001). Eventhough the treatment of arterial hypertension has been shown to be quite efficacious in reducing cardiovascular mortality rate and morbidity (Collins et al.,1990), hypertension control at the population level has been generally considered as not enough yet. In the United Kingdom, for instance, 94% of hypertensive patients still have their blood pressure higher than the normal(Colhoun et al.,1998), whereas in the United States, there is only 27% had a normal blood pressure following treatment(Burt et al.,1995). This intractability of hypertension has not changed, and recently there is a noticeable increase in hypertension cases(Kearney et al.,2004) about 26% of adults worldwide in 972 million are known to have hypertension(Kearney et al.,2005).Current optimism based on pharmacological therapy, which consists of developing drug formulations, is severely impeded by drug interactions, dose dependence, and adverse effects such as the possibility of depression. All in all,it is clear that the cultivation of alternative strategies complementary to existing control methods is needed.2.5 Acute and Sub-chronic ToxicityThe Gynura procumbens methanol ex tract was suspended in 1% (w/v) carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) and it was administered orally (1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg) in single doses to both female and males rats (n = 10 5 males and 5 females). The rats need to fast overnight due to dosing. The general behaviour of the rat was continuously monitored for 1 hour after dosing, periodically during the first 24 hour (with special attention given during the first 4 hour), and periodical thereafter for a total of 14 days. All animals were humanely killed by inhalation after 14 days.The selected vital organs were excised, weighed, and macroscopically examined(Ghosh,1984). robust rats of both sexes were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups (n = 10 5 males and 5 females). The Gynura procumbens methanol extract was suspended in 1% CMC and administered orally on a daily basis for 90 days (13 weeks) at doses of 125, 250, or 500mg/kg. Based on the report by Suharmiati (2003), traditional healers typically prescribe seven leav es each day for an adult, which is equivalent to a 125 mg/day dose. Therefore, doses ranging from of 125500mg/(kg day) were selected as the tested doses. All rats were anesthetized under inhalation at the end of 13 weeks. Blood samples were amass via cardiac puncture into non-heparinized and EDTA containing tubes for biochemical and haematological analyses, respectively (Winarto, 2003 Petterino and Argentino-Storino, 2006). After cardiac puncture, the rats were killed by clavicle dislocation.Those vital organs were excised, weighed, and macroscopically examined and then they were meliorate in 10% formalin for histopathological study.2.6 Diabetes MellitusDiabetes causes aerobic stress through the autooxidation of glucose, protein glycation and lipid peroxidation and as a consequence, structural and functional alterations occur in the lungs of diabetics, as well as other organs like the heart, brain, eyes and kidneys. There is growing, well-established evidence regarding such chan ges in diabetic lungs(Gulay et al.,2014). Oxidative stress plays an grievous role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, contributing not only to the development, but also to the progression of diabetes and its related complications. The immunosuppressive and antioxidant effects of resveratrol in attenuating the increased oxidative stress due to responses of -cells to leukocyte activation have been implicated in the bar of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Resveratrol affords advantageous effects by decreasing the oxidative injury and the recruitment of the nutritive precapillary arterioles in the context of disease states associated with insulin resistance, such as metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Globally, more than 366 million individuals currently live with diabetes mellitus, with this figure expected to rise to 552 million by 2030 (Whiting et al., 2011). The piece Health Organization estimates that around 1.1 million deaths occur per year as a result of the disease (World Health Organization, 2011). There are around 2.9 million individuals in England currently have diagnosed with diabetes, a currency of 4.5% (NHS The cultivation Centre, 2011). Projections for England estimate that by 2030 over 4.5 million people will be living with diabetes (APHO, 2011). The number of individuals that are living with diabetes means that if there was found to be an excess in mortality caused by the disease, this could result in a large number of premature deaths.The relation between diabetes and increased all-cause death, particularly from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal disease, is well recognized. C There is a limited amount of evidence relating to diabetes and respiratory disease mortality (Dawson et al., 2008De Marco et al., 1999andMurugan and Sharma, 2008).Current evidence suggests a biological link between inflammation, reduced levels of adiponectin inwardly the body and the development of diabetes and respiratory disease (Seveno aks Stockley, 2006). De Marco et al. concluded that these whitethorn be caused by differences in the severity of diabetes or differing in national treatment cultures (De Marco et al., 1999). Therefore, research is required that further explores the relation between diabetes and mortality from cancer and respiratory disease. Current research indicates that, for mortality from a number of causes, it may be diabetes-related comorbidities that increase an individuals risk of death rather than the diabetes itself. (Mohammadi et al., 2007) Morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely related to development of cardiovascular disease (Haffner et al.,1998).Although the manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus have been extensively studied, the knowledge regarding the effects of diabetes on bone mineral metabolism is still limited and inconsistent. Since Albright and Reifenstein(Anwar et al.,2008)first reported the occurrence of osteoporosis in patients wi th disadvantageously controlled diabetes in 1948, many authors have attempted to describe alterations of bone mineralization in diabetic subjects by using various techniques and biochemical markers(Asbun and Villareal,2006).The types of diabetes caused by other conditions or found in increased frequency with other conditions (imply an etiologie relationship) be considered a third subclass of diabetes mellitus that is the diabetes that associated with certain conditions and syndromes. This subclass has been divided according to the known or suspected etiologie relationships.The class gestational diabetes has been restricted to women in whom glucose intolerance develops or is discovered during pregnancy (National Diabetes Data Group,1979).

A case study of NPower, a leading energy supplier in United Kingdom

A case mull of NPower, a track energy supplier in coupled soilIn the past the procreation and exploitation ascendes were not bonded by m whatsoever a(prenominal) organisations. It was believed that the managers or leaders ar born not do. Activities of readying the employees were considered the wastage of cadence and choicefulnesss. However, with the passage of time it was mum by the theorists and the governances themselves that in functionation and emergence is re all in ally key for valet choice mannequining. Now erudition and schooling is unrivaled of the beta functions of compassionateitykind alternative circumspection. Training is not considered as a cost or else it is considered as investment on the employees which ultimately sound the assets of an judicature (Beardwell, 2004).Different methods and techniques ar available to train and develop the human resource and those methods and techniques atomic number 18 modernized with critical a bridgment and their strength on human behaviors. There is one way to train the employees is to give them theoretic fellowship about the acquisitions and give them an apprehension of theories and procedures developed by divergent big validations and theorists. This type of gentility and development comes under cognitive lift which majorly focuses on lectures, discussion, demonstrations and so forth However the case comp apiece, npower does not follow this approach as they believe much in pragmatical decide rather than verbal or written tuition. Npower train their employees in real time flirting conformations where they understand the skills and adapt them and implement them on their cheat in the same time. This forgets more sold grasps on the patterns and techniques as bookish k like a shotledge might be dissimilar from the pr bearical knowledge. And this also does not allow the generation of every conflict between the bookish knowledge and its practical implemen tation.This type of training and development comes under behavioral methods. Npower puts the responsibilities on the employees shoulders and delegates the s kick the bucketping point do power to their employees which give them a sense that they atomic number 18 the relegate of the government. In this way the employees feel more responsibility on their shoulders and this enhances their leadership skills and capabilities. The comp both involves the employees of all levels in the stopping point making work on as they trust the competencies of their staff. The determination making power is delegated to all levels depending upon the criticality of the decision and the risk associated with it. The strategic decisions which involve high risk be the responsibility of the top oversight. As designing and implementing the strategies gives a direction to all the validation and it is very consequential to show a right direction to the administration otherwise the whole venture al low be a carry through failure. After the strategically decision, comes the tactical decision which is required to be made for the proper implementation of strategies decided by the top level executives. tactical decision is at the discretion of the managers. This is because it involves fewer risks as comp atomic number 18d to the strategic decisions. Managers are in a better position to take such decision because they understand the strengths and weaknesses of their team members. This allows the managers to hear the analytical and managerial skills and furthermore the skill of taking strategy in to implementation phase. The next level of decisions is the useable decisions which are delegated to the low level employees. For instance an employee does not set about to continue for the approval of his manager if he finds that a part of a simple machine is required to be alterd. Such type of operational decision is taken by the employees themselves and this increases their oper ational skill and knowledge.In this way npower delegates the decision making power at unalike levels and fork ups a platform of larn and development of the skills of their employees. This enables the composition to build a ram of skilled human resource that gives them a competitive advantage over the others in the market.Training and instruction Theories and Npower ApproachCompetitive advantage is referred to that ability of an organization which is not have by the other organizations and it is a competitive advantage which leads the organization to the top positions. There are m any organizations in the world who are leading the markets by gaining competitive advantage in different fields of their vexation activities. One of the way in which a firm fire assume a competitive advantage over the competitors is by building a force of superior human resource (Beardwell, 2004). Now the question arises that how this force of superior human resource can be build. The answer lies in a very important function of human resource management i.e. training and development. It has been observed that the employees or labor working in a competitive environment of market always welcome the training and development programs which can enhance their skills and knowledge (Davis Bostrom, 1993). Now days every job holder understands that to sustain and grow in the career it is very important to polish their skills. It is not that time where one degree or fleece is sufficient for the whole life. Employees actively participate in some(prenominal) programs which are organized by their organization and it has been observed that in some organization employees demand from their human resource department to arrange such training and development programs. Successful organization of today has built their human resource work force over the passage of time. There is no precariousness that this work force is a highly valuable asset for any organization and the only thinkable way to build this workforce is training and development (Barney, 1986). There are some(prenominal) theories available in books which emphasize on the importance of training and development in the organization and provides different alternative methods for training and development. A discussion of four major theories of training and development is given below.Theory of documentation This theory emphasizes on the eruditeness behavior of a person and suggests that the learner leave recite that behavior which is attached with a positive import or result. muleteer an economist of behaviorist school of thought proposed the theory of reinforcement and suggested that the training and development programs should be aligned with the organizational objectives and a positive outcome should be expected with such training and development programs. Further elaborating this concept suggested in reinforcement theory, it can be argued that in that respect are several(prenominal) techniques ava ilable in human resource practices which can be associated with the training and development programs and the required suggestion by this theory can be fulfilled. Different types of rewards in the form of bonuses, salary raises, promotion and awarding of security department after the training program can be associated with the training and development activities and these rewards entrust definitely generate a positive outcome. If this is done by an organization and so agree to the Skinners theory of reinforcement the trainer i.e. the employee will show more interest in the training and development programs held by the organization.Theory of Learning Types The theory presented by Gagne emphasized on learning of intellectual skills. These are such skills which are found rare among the persons. He suggested by different learning types in his theory and each learning type contains some external and internal conditions. The five categories of learning which Gagne outlined in his the ory include intellectual skills, verbal information, attitudes, cognitive strategies and repulse skills.Theory of Experiential Learning Experiential and cognitive types of learning are differentiated by experiential theory of learning presented by C. Rogers. harmonise to Rogers, the wants and needs of the learner are addressed by this type of learning. start out gives the person a maturity and increases the learning power along with the knowledge. collectible to the personal involvement, the learner is able to conduct a self-evaluation test, which allows him to understand the effect of learning on his/her attitude. The case smart set npower seems to follow this theory as the confederation puts an engineer in different working conditions and allows him to understand different fields of work. This helps the employee to gain ingest and that person skills grow by gaining experience with the passage of time.Theory of Social Learning Social theory presents a in the buff view of learning i.e. neighborly. According to the presenter of this theory, Albert Bandura, direct reinforcement cannot address all types of learning. Here by direct enforcement means the training and development programs that is organized to enhance the skills. According to this theory such programs are not address all learning types as there are some social elements which cannot be taught. Those elements are learned by the twiglike from his/her purlieu. Such type of learning is called observational learning and this learning is associated with the understanding of different human behaviors. The early type of learning defined in this theory is through observation. In an organization the environment and the surroundings plays a very important role. The environment should be very professional and the surroundings should be in such a way that the people (employees) learn from them. This theory also suggests that it is not necessary that the behavior is replaced after learning something . It is expected that a persons behavior trades after learning something, but it is not in all cases. Furthermore the theory also explains about the psychical states which play a vital role in learning accomplish. If the psychogenic status of the person is negative regarding any learning activity then he will not take part in that learning process and even if he is forced to do so, he will not gain any positivity from that process. In organizational training programs the mental state can be made positive regarding the training and development programs by associating the rewards and benefits with such programs which will motivate the employees and help to build a positive mental state. The case company also follow this theory as it allows the employees to learn from the surrounding and provides an environment where they can learn from their supervisors/managers and coworkers.Change Management and Human Resource ManagementFor the organizations throughout the world, ceaseless cha nnel has become a necessity for the success and growth. collectable to the hot competition in the market organization find them in a continuous process of kind in influence to cope up with the market and customer needs (Chandler, 1992). In this way change management has become a permanent function or activity of any clientele. Many organizations increase their legalness by using change strategically. However, for an effective change in an organization it is required that proper thoughtful formulation is done and the employees acceptance is taken by properly communicating the benefits of change to the employees. Human resource department should be involved form the sign phase of change process (Beardwell, 2004). Change in the organization engenders the electrical shock on the estimations of the employees and the change in employees attitudes cannot be neglected in this process which should be the prime responsibility of HR department to manage and to vex that impact on th e minds of the employees positive (Buchanan Hucczynski, 1991). It has been observed in different organizations where the change has been brought by the management, that many of the people are uncomfortable with the change. So human resource management functions should be facilitating the change management in the organization and should focus on the removal of those discomforts among the employees brought by the change process. Human resource department should project that the reasons and benefits of the change process are properly communicated to all the employees and all the employees are clear about the change process. For effective change process implementation it is very important that employee resistance should not be there and employee resistance majorly occurs when they are not clear about the process and the benefit of the change (Buchanan Hucczynski, 1991). Simply imposing the change in the organization will not result in the effective and successful change implementatio n. Furthermore, this will impose a bad impact on the employees mind and will modify the performance of the employees as the employees will have to work in the new changed environment forcefully and it is very much understood that desired outcomes and results cannot be taken by force. Human resource should be actively involved in the change process and this will bring a real change in the organization. The case company npower, engages it employees in all the decision making process. In the case study strategic Spare Parts Project is discussed, which is an example of the employee involvement in the business decisions and polices. So the company considers the employees thoughts and suggestions which are very important for bringing change in the organization.Npowers HRM PESTEL AnalysisTo identify and evaluate the external forces that can make the organization instanter or indirectly, PESTEL analysis is sued. This tool helps to examine and providing an in-depth analysis of all those f orces under different heads which can potentially or presently sham the organization. PESTEL analysis is not only to evaluate the forces that can affect the whole organization this analytical tool can also be used to identify the forces which affect the specific business units or functions of an organization. The human resource polices of the case company npower are under discussion and a PESTEL analysis is conducted of those external forces or factors which can affect the human push down policies , practise and procedures of the company.Political Forces RWE npower is a leading organization in United Kingdome providing the energy services to the UK market. At United Kingdome there are different enactments which protect the consumer and employee rights. Furthermore there are laws which are used to say a fair competition in the market. So, the change in any kind of law and procedures will affect the human resource policies and practices directly. Furthermore, RWE npower is not o nly operating(a) in UK, it is a German based organization and operating in different countries. So the changes in the laws and procedures in any unsophisticated will affect the internal human resource insurance of the organization. For a clearer understanding lets consider an example of a law in United Kingdome where the stripped-down wage rate of a labour is 3.59 pounds per hour. If at any time UK government increases it to 4 pounds per hour or more then HR polices of the company will be affected directly and immediately.Economic Forces Economic factors which can affect the HR policies of the case company can involve the change in inflation rate and the orbiculate economic condition (Beardwell, 2004). The change in inflation rate will force the company to follow the laws which suggests the organization to increase the salaries and other benefits according to the inflation rate. On the other hand the economic condition of the country as well as the world also affects the busines ses (Kelly, 1999). In the new-fashioned global economic recession several organizations were forces to reduce their workforce and a downsizing trend was scene in many big multinationals. Due to globalization where the organizations have to expand in different location crosswise the globe the economic forces and their impact also changes (Rioux, Bernthal, Wellins, 2008). For instance the economic condition in Europe will be much different as compared to economic condition in Asia. So, globalization gave birth to the need of managing several economic factors at different geographical locations.Social Forces Several social factors are there which affect the npowers human resource strategies and polices. To provide the employees and labours with a safe and healthy environment is necessary for every organization operating in United Kingdome. There are several legislations that assure that each employee or labour is fully insured. So, changes in such legislations and laws immediately affect the human resource policies of the organization operating in United Kingdome. In social factors there is also a factor of globalization that affects the organizational HRM policies. As due to globalization the world is becoming a smaller place to operate. Several organizations are operating worldwide which include several cultural and geographical differences. The organization has to manage those cultural and geographical differences. It is not possible for a multinational cooperation such as npower to maintain a static HRM policy for all it business units across the globe. Each geographical location has its own norms, believes and culture which have to be recognized by the organization. The human resource policies and procedures should support and correspond to the local employees and market needs (Rioux, Bernthal, Wellins, 2008). For the case company which is operating in different geographical locations the human resources management has to be a strategic function rathe r than plain an administrative function. The company has to consider the local requirements of the labour and employees and haver to focus on utilizing the exiting local talent in order to save the operational and administrative cost of the organization.Technological Forces Technology is changing very fast. It is very important for an organization operating in competitive business world to automate the human resource function (Beardwell, 2004). The manual working and the procedures are now obsolete as it wastes a lot of time and resources. To be brisk and dynamic organization must have to automate their processes. Npowers human resource policies and practices will be affected with the change in the technologies. With the introduction of new technology the demand of the employees and the market increase and if the organization does not suffer up with the new technology then it will face a problem to retain the experienced and skilled workforce.Environmental Forces The health and guard act of United Kingdom puts a binding on the organization to provide healthy and safe environment to the employees. Environmental forces include in the main the weather changes. Human resource polices are indirectly affected by the environmental changes. Due to the change in weather it is quite possible that the employees have to be provided with different protective suits or air-conditioned plants etc.Legislative Forces The government of United Kingdome have passed different laws and regulations and currently there are several laws and regulations which are to be considered by the case company while designing any human resource policy.United Kingdoms intelligent EnvironmentThrough law the stability and security of the people is ensured and nicety is provided according to it to the accused. Just like criminal and social laws there are also the business laws and legislations which are implemented by the state to ensure that the right of different stakeholders are protected . At United Kingdome several laws are there which protect the rights of employees, right of consumers and also there are laws which are to maintain the fair competition in the market and ensure that no organization manipulates the market. A fair and healthy competition is good for the attention as well as for the consumers, but to ensure this atmosphere in the business market the government has taken several steps towards this by implementing certain legislations.As discussed in the PESTEL analysis of npower, the legislative factors also plays and important factor and can affect the human resource policies of the company. Here, different legislation or acts implemented by the government of United Kingdome. For protecting the consumer rights the first legislation under discussion is the consumer Credit Act. It was implemented in 1974 by the UK government and according to this all such business who want to provide credit facility to their customers will have to take approval from di rector General of fair trading. For the organization like case company it is not possible to work only on cash, so the organization have to give credit facilities to the corporate clients such as British Telecom, Wembley area and Ford. The enterprise that is found to mislead the customer regarding the price through its promotions can be held accountable under the consumer protection act which was implemented in 1987. Under this act all the organization have to present the existing price of the product or service and if there are any other charges or taxes with the price those should also be presented to the customer in the promotions.The equal pay act which was implemented in 1970, suggests the organization to equally pay the candidates without any discrimination of gender. Another act implemented in 1974 suggests the organization to provide the employees a safe and healthy working environment. The minimum wage act implemented by the UK government in 1998, rise all the enterprise s not to pay less than 3.59 pounds per hour.Office of employment (OFT) is responsible for(p) for maintain a healthy competition in the market and to ensure that no organization can create its monopoly. The fair trading act was implemented in 1973 under which Office of Trading can root on that business to MMC (Monopolies Mergers Commission which is found to be chagrin high prices form the consumer or performing such activities which are against the interest of public. Office of Trading can also set the price ceiling in order to eliminate the monopolistic behaviour of the organizations.

Analysis Of The Economic Outlook Of Singapore Economics Essay

Analysis Of The Economic Outlook Of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Economics leavenIntroductionThe February Issue of the Wall avenue Journal has provided an article on the economic outlook of Singapore. The article contains many economic facts and concepts, which could be analysed and discussed. These concepts be derived from speculation and provided in the context of Singaporean economic system.EconomicThe first leg raised by the authors of the article was that the parsimoniousness of Singapore experienced ceding back during 2009 and started recovering in 2010 (Holmes and Venkat, 2010).We remain optimistic about Singapores outlook in 2010 and watch to expect the economy to return to positive harvest-feast of 5.1% in 2010, although we reite ramble this years recovery is likely to be gradual and gravelly (Holmes and Venkat, 2010, p.1).The Singapore economy f displacepot be well explained by the economic system of proceeds li ne cycles. In general the theory suggests that capitalist fiat is unstable. Economic growth depart never continue steadily hardly lead be developing cyclically.Business CycleFigure 1 Gross Domestic Product of Singapore in $millionThe theory distinguishes iv major types of communication channel cycles which be classified under Kitchin cycles, Juglar cycles, Kuznets cycles and Kondratiev cycles. The economy of Singapore reached its trough in 2009 in Figure 1.All of them soak up antithetic time spans. Kitchin cycles last from 3 to 5 years (Kitchin, 1923). Juglar business cycle would last from 7 to 11 years. Kuznets cycles would last from 15 to 25 years (Glasner and Cooley, 1997). The longest business cycle is the one described by Kondratiev and Stolper (1935). It is rather considered a technological wave that has a span from 45 to 60 years.The year 2010 started with the abridgment or growth cast of the business cycle. The analysis of historical indicators of GDP would allow for identifying at least four business cycles that developed in the arrest from 1960 to 2010.From Figure 1 it can be observed that the recent economic recession in Singapore was a part of the classic Juglar cycle that lasted from 2000 to 2010. It had a span of a little over than ten years and had a long phase of expansion with rather a short end of slowdown. Prior to this, in that respect was a short Kitchin cycle that lasted from 1998 to 2000. During these three years, the economy went through a trough, recovery, peak and another slowdown.Inflation RateFigure 2 one-year Inflation Rate in SingaporeIt is sound to account for the cost level and literal GDP of the country for the estimation of the business cycle. realistic GDP is the nominal GDP deflated by the rate of ostentation. spicy inflation would overestimate the value of GDP and economic growth would be presented higher than it really is. The changes in the annual inflation rate of Singapore are presented in Figure 2 .During the years 1998 and 2009 when the economy of Singapore was experiencing recessions, the inflation rate was lower than during the phase of expansion. This observation indicates that inflation is higher when the economy is growing because businesses firstly tend to increase outlays and then the issue when superfluous select appears. During the phase of slowdown, the situation is the opposite. Inflation range tend to go down and nominal GDP approaches the value of real GDP.Aggregate affect and tag onThe expected economic expansion in Singapore in 2010 can also be explained by the theory of centre lead and total. Generally, when demand (AD) increases, the prices rise and this in turn stimulates producers to increase add on or output (AD). As a result both nominal and real GDP would grow continuously.Figure 3 Aggregate get hold of and Supply ModelDuring the recession consumer demand for goods and services was down and therefore both the price level represented by infla tion rate was lower and the real GDP declined. In the period of expansion that started in Singapore in 2010 (Holmes and Venkat, 2010), both the inflation and real gross domestic product are expected to increase according to the law of supply and demand. As consumers start disbursement more property on durable and non-durable goods and services, businesses will increase the prices and start expanding production, which would lead to the growth of total output in both real and nominal terms. This is demonstrated by the supply and demand model in the Figure 3.Price Level and Unemployment RateIt is elicit to note that there is also a kind between the price level in the country and the unemployment rate. When the inflation (A to B) increases in the country, unemployment rates will go down because inflation is thought to be associated with economic growth and expansion. This relationship is explained by the economic concept of Phillips wave.Figure 4 gigantic Run Phillips CurveIn the long run, however, the Phillips curve will be a vertical line (C) established at the natural rate of unemployment shown in Figure 4. In the case of Singapore, the short term Phillips curve was a validated model to represent the relationship between inflation and unemployment. By July 2009 the unemployment rate reached its maximum while the inflation rate declined, gum olibanum supporting the economic concept of Phillips curve shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.Figure 5 Singapore Unemployment RateFigure 6 Inflation Rate by MonthInterest RatesIt is valid to note that aggregate demand was stimulated during the recession by the underlying banks monetary policy. Without monetary stimulus, it would take much longer for consumers to start spending again and gain confidence in the future. The central bank started cloggy the base loaning rate (Trading Economics, 2010), which represented the short term engross rates in the country, in order to make it easier for consumers to borrow so that t hey could start spending more. The dynamics of the short term following rates in Singapore is shown in the Figure 7.Figure 7 Singapore Interest RatesIt is valid to note that in the pre recession period the country had already had rather low interest rates that ranged roughly 3%. In 2008, the central bank started reduction the overnight impart rate until it reached nearly 0% by 2010 (Trading Economics, 2010 Figure 7). funds DemandThe article in the Wall Street Journal states that the expectation of contraction in the Singaporean economy and the 5.1% annual growth are feasible because the central bank does not project to reduce the overnight lending rate too soon. As a result, there will be stimulus for borrowing, consumer spending and investing.Figure 8 Interest Rate Vs Money SupplyThe economic theory suggests that there is a direct relationship between the money supply and interest rates as shown in Figure 8. In fact, the interest rates are the price of money or the cost of mo ney. When the cost increases, the demand for money will decrease. Similarly, when interest rates rise (I* to I**), the demand for money will fall. both the consumers and businesses (S) will start borrowing less (Sloman, 2006).Keynesian ViewHowever, different school of economic thought offer different concepts on what would be an effective measure to stimulate the economy. For example, the Keynesian economic school argues that during the period of recession, it is essential to stimulate aggregate demand (AD). This has been seen in the case of Singapore when the central bank started touch on aggregate demand by secrete monetary policy in 2008 2010 (Trading Economics, 2010 Holmes and Venkat, 2010).Figure 9 Keynesian AS/AS ModelThe Keynesian view is that aggregate demand, if stimulated by monetary and fiscal policy, would eventually lead to the growth of the total output and aggregate supply. However, the neo classical school of economics offers a different solution. The neo economy states that the government should rather stimulate and tackle aggregate supply (Yte to Yrec) rather than demand. One of the measures that this school of economics proposes is to increase the money supply at a constant rate. The expansion of money supply is used to stimulate aggregate supply and economic expansion, thus reducing the volatility of the economy.The governments of developed countries in the European Union and the United States, however, continue to adhere to Keynesian measures of stimulating the economy and fighting recession. This has also been nominate in the case of Singapore (Holmes and Venkat, 2010). Since the recession had lasted only about a year in Singapore until the contraction and expansion started, Keynesian measures of stimulating the economic growth can be assessed as effective in spite of the criticism from the neo classical economic school.ConclusionIt is valid to summarise the main arguments of the discussion of economic concepts in the context of Sing apore that were based on the article in the February Issue of the Wall Street Journal. This article defended the position that the economy of Singapore will expand and carry through an impressive growth of up to 5.1% in 2010. This expectation has been discussed in the igniter of the economic theories of business cycles, the model of aggregate demand and supply and the theory of monetary policy and relationship between the interest rates, money supply and total output. From the standpoints of the theories and the fact that the central bank of Singapore does not plan to change its loose monetary policy, the economic expansion and growth of 5.1% are feasible and can be achieved.

Strategies for Nation Building

Strategies for province BuildingCHAPTER tetherINTRODUCTION2.1 Defining tribeThe term race is hard to define. thusly various scholars have deign up with contrary definitions of the term nation. Karlsson (2009) sees a nation as a birthmark. A nation displace be described as an idea searching for a reality which a minority very much violently forced upon a majority with standardisation as a goal and with an iron glove as an actor to eradicate previous diversity. Nations ar constructed and invented.Nation is defined as mobilizing ideology in force that is routined to concientise the masses against any kind of conquering or resistance that might be seen as opposing feature. The h eachow of precedence of the factors that characterize a nation has always been a receptive to discussion ranging from mutual traditions and collective political awareness, common antecedents, affiliation to a tribe or people, joint territory, usage and language, culture and theology. The inhabita nts of a demesne are a nation despite their different languages and cultures.Karl Proper, the philosopher, groundd at the Second World War that it has been said that a race is a collection of people who are unite by their origin solely by a common misconception ab appear their antecedents. Karlsson compares this to a nation as he states that a nation is a collection of people united by a common misconception about their history.Thus, nations are non forever and a day defined entities, barely they are in fact created. patriotism invents nations where they do not exist Anderson (1990), Smith (1990) and Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2007) are of the view that a nation is an imagined comm virtuoso where members share the same history and envision reality in the same way. It is synonymous with self determination for those who have the good helping to live in a society which has its own history, language, culture and religion but it cornerstone also be xenophobic, intolerant, aggressive, hegem onic and authotarian, lacking the will and business leader to solitary(prenominal)ow others what the nation claims for.Renan (1882) was concerned in that nation affinity was not a question of race, religion place of birth, but instead was a matter of daily referendum. A nation is based on all individuals having something in common. A nation is a spiritual principle with its origins in the deep complexity of history, an intellectual family not only by sacrifices single has made and those that one is disposed to make again. It supposes a past it renews itself especially in the present by a tangible deed, the approval, the desire, clearly denotative to continue the daily life. The existence of a nation is a referendum.patriotism derriere be defined as the process of identicalness make can be best understood in the words of Reicher and Hopkins. This brain of themeism is further amplified by a British Labor political leader who likened interior(a)ism to electricity that can b e used for good and naughtily purposes. He continued that it can electrocute someone in the electric chair or it can heat and light the world adding thatNationalism can be exhilarating revolutionary force for progress but we only have to open our newspapers today to areas where nationalism becomes in the treat hands. A primeval force of darkness and reaction I can say originally, we ought to utilize the potential revolutionary force of nationalism by our readership to ensure that the dark side does not emergeNationalism can be manipulated to serve one interests. Hence this nationalism can be hegemonies as the elites can influence nationalism for their own good and jam the lower class in the process.2.1 Defining nation buildingNation building is a highly complex term that means different things to different people. Nation building is evolutionary as it takes time and is a social process that cannot be achieved from outside. The notion of nation is used in a different way. It can b e used not to gainsay the existing territorial and political order, but to create a whizz of national unity for a given polity. This sort of work is often called nation b building.Zolberg (1967461) notes that nation building takes predominance over all tasks including economic development. This implies that nation building involves the political development, social development and economic development in a nation. In the African context, Young (2004) famed how innumerable rituals of state drummed the national idea into the public consciousness national holidays, national anthems, and daily flag raising ceremonies at all administrative headquarters. In a dozen banal ways, the nation was subliminally communicated through its ubiquitous flag, its currency, its po detail stamps, its identity cards. Soon after independence African states created their national holidays, national anthems, changed their countrified names from colonial names and had their own currency. In way this help ed to build nation as everything had to be nationalized to suit the African society.Nation building is whereby a society with diverse origins, cultures, histories, languages and religion come together within the boundaries of a sovereign state with a coordinated constitutional and legal dispensation, a national public education form an integrated national economy, shared symbols and values, as equals, to work towards eradicating the divisions and in dependableices of the past, to foster unity and promote a country wide consciousness of proudly Africans promoted to the country and open to the continent and the world.Nation building by www.usip.org is not just about the physical construction service provision or substantial wealth. It is also about using the countrys shared customs to prevent further escalation of conflict as well as upholding values, customs, conventional practices that can be enshrined in national identity. In other words, a nation is not the sum of material pos sessions. Rather people are the most important asserts that, they are the nation and how each citizen behaves becomes the reflection of nations characters. The best way for the nation to hold itself to its own standards is to see the youngest citizens to remind everyone of whom they are as people.The following section will be looking at the processes of nation building with relation to print media.3.2 figure out of nation building3.2.1 sportswomansSport is an aspect of nation building. Riordan stresses that it is overt that lark in many societies is a serious business with serious functions to perform. It is accordingly, state controlled, encouraged and shaped by specific Unitarian and ideological designs. It is by no means a matter of fun and games. Riordan further points out that in Africa, Asia and Latin America, sports development is closely associated with hygiene, health, defence, patriotism, integration, productivity, international recognition, even heathen, identity and nation building. Sport therefore has a role of being an constituent of social change with the state as the pilot.During the twentieth century virtually sixty new states have been established. Houlihan states that many of these new states were faced with the perspicacious problem of establishing a sense of national identity. For former colonies it meant that they were the enemies of the newly commutative nations. Maguire argues sport could form one of the significant arenas by which nations become more real. Particular sports came to symbolize the nation. The close bind of sport with national assignment arenas by which nations become more real. Particular sports come to symbolize the nation.Sport can forge and reinforce community or national identities. It can foster also unity among societies. In particular attention to Zimbabwe, every year during the independence celebrations there is the uhuru cup whereby local soccer teams repugn for the cup. Soccer is used to foster unit y among a nation. In celebrating freedom Day, sports are used for entertainment and also fostering unity.With the regard to the use of sports for nation building, Houlihan points out that modern state want not only national unity and distinctiveness but also an international stage on which to project that identity utilizing an increasing common array of cultural symbols to demonstrate their individuality. In cases like Olympics when one individual is victorious in any of the games, the national anthem is sung and the flag is raised. Success in sports events and particularly by the hosting of sports events provides a benign and uncritical backdrop of the butt of national achievement (Dauncey and Hare 1993). They go on to point that the achievement of France in the 1998, football World Cup save a not bad(p) opportunity to demonstrate public services, values, successful French integration and traditional French values in the international arena.

Essay examples --

For Petes sake, youve been learning how to read and require unnecessary constantly since the first day of school. And yet whats the one course that almost e very(prenominal) first year student in every(prenominal) college and university required to purport? That is correct, freshman composition, which means more class period and writing. Why, after all the practice, should you become to take yet an additional incline course? You clearly get laid how to read and print. You might not even have the intention of majoring in literature or creative writing. You may also cogitate that position has little to do with the real world or future profession. Well, think again. There are countless reasons to take freshman composition seriously. incline class will definitely help you prepare for college level reading and writing coursework.Taking incline composition classes raft be very helpful in learning to meet college level writing expectations. schoolchilds achievement in colle ge is largely determined on how puff up you can read, understand, and remember the texts youve read and on how effectively you can record that knowledge in writing. In both college and work, youll be called on to write in different formats for a wide range of audiences and for a commixture of purposes. For example, Queens College requires 2 writing intensive courses, and 2 additional English courses. At first I thought to myself, why do I need to take that many English courses? But at the fire I realized that the benefit is all mine to take. Taking an English course will help you become a more adroit writer that can meet the particular needs of all your readers. musical composition isnt just for English majors. English class can prepare you to write successful papers throughout your college years. Also in nearly every major, you will need to de... ... not, English composition classes can be fun. In colleges, these are sometimes the smallest classes avail fitted to underclassm en and are often limited in students. My English class accommodated merely 20 students. This permits you to know your peers as wellspring as your professor. We had in-person meet up sessions with the professor to discuss your personal progress in class. The professor identifies the problems you may need work on, and you can tell the professor your insight as well. It is wonderful to be able to share and communicate with your professor, not only do you focus more in class, but you tend to work harder. Youre also likely to make friends, get focused attention, and receive feedback. Sometimes, mandatory composition classes are themed based, so you can choose a class that permits you to write through the crystalline lens of a topic youre particularly interested in.

Gender Segregation and Discrimination in CTE :: Females Women Discrimination Essays

Gender separationism and Discrimination in CTEThe Traditional RealityThe CTE system before act IX has been characterized as traditionally dominated by gender separatism and inconsistency (National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education 2002). In many cases, fe antherals were denied insertion into training architectural plans for higher-wage, traditionally male, industry and skillful occupations. Gender stereotyping in commission and counseling practices and materials, bias in teacher practices, and harassment by some other students discouraged nontraditional enrollment by egg-producing(prenominal)s and in practice circumscribe CTE opportunities for effeminates to lower-wage, traditionally female, health and cosmetology occupations. In short, systematic practices and expectations steered females into home economics and off from shop or auto mechanics. In the long run, the most damage consequence of such gender bias was to limit females access to the benefits of CTEthe hold wage that provides females the same economic self-sufficiency that males have long enjoyed. The proceed RealityUnfortunately, CTE is muted characterized by pervasive gender segregation and discrimination (National Womens Law Center 2002). Thirty years later, there are still striking gender disparities in guidance and counseling practices, in CTE program enrollment, in the level and quality of classes available in traditionally male and traditionally female CTE programs, and in the wages earned by female and male CTE graduates. An interesting comparison of two surveys (reported in Gloeckner and Knowlton 1995-96), one in Montana in 1980 and another in Virginia in 1995, illustrates a large, stand gender gap in a critical CTE program res publica . In Montana in 1980, females accounted for half of enrollment in yet one high crop technical cultivation course51 percent of Graphic Arts students were female. Female enrollment was less than 10 percent in all other high sch ool technical rearing courses. . In Virginia in 1995, only one high school technical education course, Communications Technology, had about 50 percent female enrollment. In the 32 remaining high school technical education courses, female enrollment was less than 15 percent in 27 course and less than 10 percent in 17 courses. . In 1995, Virginia students explained gender differences in terms that could be considered classic for CTE. Females and males both comprehend technology education classes as guy classes females perceived technology education classrooms are dirty, hence unfeminine.

Francis Ford Coppola :: essays research papers

Following careful thought on which director to study, I chose Francis crosswalk Coppola. Although he has directed more films than I have had the opportunity to experience, I have viewed enough to understand his furtherance and style of his work. Over almost forty years of work, Coppola has directed just about twenty-five films, produced near forty-five, composed two, and acted in eight. He is known predominantly for Apocalypse Now (1979) and The Godfather I (1972), II (1974), and III (1990). However, he has worked in other genres, such as Horror/Romance, Musical, and even Comedy.In the few of his numerous films that I have seen, Coppola appears to use much of the kindred aesthetic techniques. Most of his works mise-en-scene, with some exceptions, seems to be very basic. When he is filming, Francis Ford Coppola does not put too many unnecessary items into the scene. When using a Wide-angle lens, the frames are very open and spacious. This allows the viewer to focus on what is h appening, rather than distract their attention. This technique can also prove useful. For example, if he cute to make a character seem alone, abandoned, and insignificant, this type of light beam would work well. Opposite a number of his films, in Apocalypse Now, it was pregnant to some of the frames full. However, they still were not completed with excess objects, instead they were extravagantly filled with the natural, lush greens of the Philippines. Francis Ford Coppola also uses dissolves in his works. In The Cotton Club (1984), this technique was used a couple of times, when both(prenominal) dancing and singing was being performed. His editing style proved continuous. It was incomplete choppy, nor disruptive to the viewer, which allowed for a more pleasant experience. Francis Ford Coppola uses sound in a rather conventional way, but at times adds a touch of his own creative style. The character that the audience is meant to empathize with whitethorn have their own particu lar motif, displayed through music. In The Conversation (1973), whenever rag Caul, played by Gene Hackman, was intensely thinking about something, the same piano music would play.His direction of the actors was executed extremely well. He knew exactly what he wanted from them, and did not give up until it was as he had expected. Some of his setbacks in Apocalypse Now support this opinion. He wanted every part to be performed perfectly.

Polonius is a Good Father in Hamlet :: essays research papers

I agree with the statement that Polonius, adviser in the court of King Claudius of Denmark, is a good military chaplain who desires what is best for his children. Although he may be a fussy and overcautious old man, Polonius ever gives good advice and his best wishes to both his children, Laertes and Ophelia. Before Laertes is about to go to France, Polonius dialog to him and tells him all of his good advice. While Polonius tells Laertes all of his good advice, he says, My gracility with thee (I.iii.61). This statement shows that Polonius really wants Laertes to be successful when he goes to France. Polonius says, Beware of entree to a quarrel, (I.iii.69) because he wants him to be safe. Polonius wants Laertes to stop consonant out of trouble, and to be couthy with everyone he meets. Another point Polonius wants to make is that it is better to take care than to talk. leap every man thy ear, but few thy voice (I.iii.72). Polonius believes that it is better to take care a deal much than to talk excessively much, because sometimes people who talk bidwise much get into trouble, and others dont like them. Whereas, people who listen more than they talk rarely have others who dont like them and they dont get into much trouble. Another way Polonius tells Laertes to hang-up out of trouble is when he says, Neither a borrower nor a loaner be (I.iii.80). This is important because sometimes when things are borrowed, the lender will get screwball that the borrower didnt return when it was needed or the borrower ruined part of it. evening when it is an accident, it is still better to not borrow or lend anything from anyone salutary in case one person has a short temper. Polonius at last and most importantly tells Laertes, This above all to thine own self be true. This is good advice because if people are not true to themselves, then they gaget really be true to anyone else. Polonius believes that Laertes should have enough insolence to be true to himse lf.The way that Polonius acts as a good find towards Ophelia is mostly how he doesnt want her to get hurt by juncture. Ophelia tells Polonius all about what hamlet has said and given her. She tells her father that crossroads gives her presents and tells her nice things out of affection.Polonius is a Good Father in Hamlet essays research papers I agree with the statement that Polonius, adviser in the court of King Claudius of Denmark, is a good father who desires what is best for his children. Although he may be a fussy and overcautious old man, Polonius invariably gives good advice and his best wishes to both his children, Laertes and Ophelia. Before Laertes is about to go to France, Polonius talks to him and tells him all of his good advice. While Polonius tells Laertes all of his good advice, he says, My call forth with thee (I.iii.61). This statement shows that Polonius really wants Laertes to be successful when he goes to France. Polonius says, Beware of inlet to a quar rel, (I.iii.69) because he wants him to be safe. Polonius wants Laertes to stay out of trouble, and to be affable with everyone he meets. Another point Polonius wants to make is that it is better to listen than to talk. touch every man thy ear, but few thy voice (I.iii.72). Polonius believes that it is better to listen also much than to talk too much, because sometimes people who talk too much get into trouble, and others dont like them. Whereas, people who listen more than they talk rarely have others who dont like them and they dont get into much trouble. Another way Polonius tells Laertes to stay out of trouble is when he says, Neither a borrower nor a lender be (I.iii.80). This is important because sometimes when things are borrowed, the lender will get malad anded that the borrower didnt return when it was needed or the borrower ruined part of it. up to now when it is an accident, it is still better to not borrow or lend anything from anyone just in case one person has a s hort temper. Polonius lastly and most importantly tells Laertes, This above all to thine own self be true. This is good advice because if people are not true to themselves, then they lavt really be true to anyone else. Polonius believes that Laertes should have enough superciliousness to be true to himself.The way that Polonius acts as a good father towards Ophelia is mostly how he doesnt want her to get hurt by Hamlet. Ophelia tells Polonius all about what Hamlet has said and given her. She tells her father that Hamlet gives her presents and tells her nice things out of affection.

Gambling :: essays research papers

English attitudes and opinions prevailed in the impudent World, and created childs play in the States. Settlers brought with them the view that looseness was a clear diversion. In these colonies, play was a popular and accepted activity. Legal gambling tended to be those types that were considered gentlemen-like. For example, it took a long time for cock fighting and prize-fighting to sound legal because it was not considered a suitable gentlemens game. Although the financial tolerateers of the colonies viewed gambling as a source of the colonies problems, they began to see it as the solution as well. The Virginia Company of London was permitted by Britain to hold lotteries and raise money for the companys colonial venture. The lotteries were relatively sophisticated and included instant winners. Eventually, Britain banned the lotteries because of complaints from the English back home that felt that they were robbing Britains money. Proceeds helped establish some of the nati ons early and most prestigious universities -- Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Princeton, and William and Mary. Lottery funds were also used to earn churches and libraries. Among the lotteries was a private lottery passed by Congress in 1823 for the beautification of working capital D.C. Unfortunately, the organizers run off with the proceeds and the winner was never paid. Lotteries were not the single form of gambling during this era wagering on horse racing was a popular form of gambling. Unsurprisingly, it was not quite as organized as modern horse racing. The first racetrack in North America was built on Long Island in 1665. Casino gaming started slowly. Taverns and roadhouses would go forth dice and card games. The relatively sparse population was a restriction to establishing gaming houses, but as the population increased, by the early 1800s, lavish casinos were established in the young republic. During the 1830s, the actions of the professional gamblers came under growing interrogation and southern settlers turned against the professional gambler. The anti-lottery forces fought against lotteries and prevailed. In 1833 Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts endow an end to state authorized lotteries. By 1840, most states had banned lotteries. By 1860, only Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky still allowed state-authorized lotteries. Nevertheless, the tickets of these few states were shipped around the country by post or smugglers. The prohibition also led to the creation of illegal lotteries. The luxurious rush brought a huge increase in the amount and types of gambling to California San Francisco replaced New Orleans as the center for gambling in the United States.

Renting Versus Buying Essay -- Compare Contrast Home Ownership

Buying a fellowship can be an arouse experience for anyone. However, in some cases you just might be snap off off continuing to rent your menage plate. There are many advantages to purchasing a home. However, it is not for everyone and purchase varies from individual to individual. Currently more mountain are leaning towards renting but this could change in the costly future.When someone makes the decision to demoralise or rent a home they must consider the advantages and disadvantages of each. In acquire a home the prime advantage is that you actually own it. You can do whatever you exigency with it. Also, you are building equity as the years go by. good deal today know problems saving for their future (CNN Money, 2014). However, when they buy a home, the notes they put cut for a down payment is an investment. When the person sells the home they get back the down payment and the amount the property has appreciated in value. When looking at the advantages of renting it is easy to see the disadvantages of get for some wad. Even though you dont get the notes back that you put into it, renting could be a more square(p) option for some. This is because renting allows for flexibility. The person can motility wherever as soon as there lease is up. Renters may see buying as a reduction in lifestyle, moving to a smaller place, and perhaps a less expensive neighborhood. (CNN Money, 2014). For example someone who rents an flat tire enjoys how the complex keeps up the area and all the amenities it has to offer, and it is in an velocity class part of town. However, when they buy they looks all the bene go overs, they have to do sustainment themselves, and move to an area they dont particularly like to fit their price range.So which is better? It jus... ...etrieved October 29, 2014, from http//homebuying.about.com/od/buyingahome/qt/BuyorRent.htmThis article explains how one should find out whether to buy a home or rent. Buying a home should be based on decisions of credit report, debt ratios, job stability or relocation, maintenance issues, and financial situation. It explains how not everyone should buy a house. Some people are actually better off renting.To rent or to buy? (2014). CNN Money. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//money.cnn.com/2014/10/29/yourhome/q_rent_or_buy/index.htmThis article describes the disadvantages and advantages of buying or renting your home. It describes advantages of buying such as taxes and appreciation of the home. However, coming up with a down payment may be hard for many people. Renters may have less cost and more flexibility on when and where they can move to.

Macon Museum of Art Essay -- Business Management Marketing Essays

Macon Museum of stratagemMacon Museum of Art, a not-for-Profit Corporation, is facing studyfinancial problems since 2000 and up process 2002. Actions were needed tostop this cumulative loss and to achieve some reach for 2003.After reviewing the case at hand, wholeness can see with the briefhistory of the museum that it was founded since 1925. In 1998, itsname changed into the Jonathon A . Macon Museum of Art, the majorbenefactor whose endowment helped expending the facility in thedistrict.The Macon Museum has diverse prayers which are displayedperiodically due to space limitations, but each collection is set inits building architecture that accents the display. This fact makes itimpossible for soul to visit the museum for just one time and claimthat he proverb it all. It would take a someone at least four clock to havethe opportunity of observing all the displays.Moreover, with the 7 days a week schedule, these four visits could bedone by any person regardless the flexibi lity of his/her timetable,especially by the free admission feature. And one can see thatstarting 1998, the total museum attendance has made a remarkable rise,it might be related to the new blocks opened at that period. Yet thepresence of visitors in special exhibitions did also improve through and throughthe years but never above average of the total attendance. infixed functions of the museum are divided into three1- Collection and Exhibitions2- Development and C...

Individuals Suffering from Alcohol/Substance Abuse and Mental Illness E

Indivi duples Suffering from Alcohol/ spirit Abuse and Mental recoveringness In this day in age, in that respect ar m whatever diseases that mavin can scale down. Sometimes a person contracts a disease because it was contagious, and others because they argon genetically prone to it. St sick(p) others contract diseases and disorders in ways that are not clear to doctors and medical researchers. In recent years, alcoholism and moral object debauch encounter been labeled as diseases because of new research findings that doctors get down discovered regarding the biological and psychological factors cause someone to be get an deluge or a substance detestationr. Anyone who has a friend of family penis who suffers from any form of substance abuse knows the primitive difficulty of helping the despicable individual seek help and recover. The comparable goes for individuals misfortunate from a noetic illness. In the past two decades doctors have discovered that at to the lowest degree 50 percent of moral ill individuals in this country withal suffer from either alcoholism or substance abuse. (4) Some studies show that this percentage translates to 7.2 million individuals between the ages of 18 and 54 are suffering from both a substance abuse problem and a mental illness. (2) These numbers are simply staggering. many a(prenominal) of these numbers apply to the stripling demographic in particular, who the National shackle for the mentally Ill (NAMI) pronounce are most prone to having a mental illness ...that whitethorn in fact lead to self-medicating with pass drugs and alcohol. (1) NAMIs fact sheet on double Diagnosis in any case states that mental health professionals are discovering treble Diagnosis in such full(prenominal) rates that they have come to expect that individuals with a substance abuse problem will also have a p... ...sorder by the popular population, it will become easier to post multiple problems in an indi vidual family member or friend, and aid them in seeking treatment. Sources Ccited1) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), general development on Dual Diagnosishttp//www.nami.org/ guide.cfm? divide=Child_and_Adolescent_Action_Center2) The Dual Diagnosis Pages , Dual Diagnosis Conference Reportshttp//www.toad.net/arcturus/dd/pepp2.htm3) Kathleen Sciaccas website , leading preference on treatment methods and chopine siteshttp//users.erols.com/ksciacca/4) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill , Fact Sheet on Dual Diagnosishttp//www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_ unhealthiness&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=54&ContentID=230495) About.com article on Dual Diagnosis http//alcoholism.about.com/cs/dual/a/aa981209.htm Individuals Suffering from Alcohol/Substance Abuse and Mental disorder EIndividuals Suffering from Alcohol/Substance Abuse and Mental Illness In this day in age, there are many diseases that one can contract. Sometimes a perso n contracts a disease because it was contagious, and others because they are genetically prone to it. Still others contract diseases and disorders in ways that are not clear to doctors and medical researchers. In recent years, alcoholism and substance abuse have been labeled as diseases because of new research findings that doctors have discovered regarding the biological and psychological factors causing someone to become an alcoholic or a substance abuser. Anyone who has a friend of family member who suffers from any form of substance abuse knows the extreme difficulty of helping the suffering individual seek help and recover. The same goes for individuals suffering from a mental illness. In the past two decades doctors have discovered that at least 50 percent of mental ill individuals in this country also suffer from either alcoholism or substance abuse. (4) Some studies indicate that this percentage translates to 7.2 million individuals between the ages of 18 and 54 are suffering from both a substance abuse problem and a mental illness. (2) These numbers are simply staggering. Many of these numbers apply to the adolescent demographic in particular, who the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) say are most prone to having a mental illness ...that may in fact lead to self-medicating with street drugs and alcohol. (1) NAMIs fact sheet on Dual Diagnosis also states that mental health professionals are discovering Dual Diagnosis in such high rates that they have come to expect that individuals with a substance abuse problem will also have a p... ...sorder by the general population, it will become easier to identify multiple problems in an individual family member or friend, and aid them in seeking treatment. Sources Ccited1) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), general information on Dual Diagnosishttp//www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Child_and_Adolescent_Action_Center2) The Dual Diagnosis Pages , Dual Diagnosis Conference Reports http//www.toad.net/arcturus/dd/pepp2.htm3) Kathleen Sciaccas website , leading resource on treatment methods and program siteshttp//users.erols.com/ksciacca/4) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill , Fact Sheet on Dual Diagnosishttp//www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=54&ContentID=230495) About.com article on Dual Diagnosis http//alcoholism.about.com/cs/dual/a/aa981209.htm

Effects of Family Responsibilities and Discrimination on the Career Pro

Introduction Writh storied that despite women becoming increasingly active in economic activities they atomic number 18 let off under-represented when it comes to senior management assign. She supported this argument by pointing disclose that 40% of the labour force comprise of women. However, when it comes to top management position only 20% are women (Writh 2001). This is as a result of a number of barriers which prevent women from function strongly. Family responsibilities, stereotypes that have led to gender discrimination, are perhaps the most notable factors. Despite this negativity women can still perform exceptionally well as senior managers especially if effective work/life balance initiatives are undertaken. Family ResponsibilitiesFamily responsibilities-such as childbearing, rearing and other(a) common household duties which have traditionally been place on women- adopt are major role in hindering their career progress. These responsibilities shorten the competit iveness of women by adding to them other un nonrecreational responsibilities that men usually do not face (Writh 2001 Adler & Izraeli 1994). This has had profound effect on the ability of women to watch over their career ambitions. Similarly, most employers have resulted in perceiving women as incapable of cock-a-hoop their employment full attention. Actually, evidence point out that women exit the men and/or accept part time job at higher(prenominal) rate than men in an effort to balance between the paid (employment) and unpaid (family responsibility) (Kochanowski 2009). Based on Kochanowski (2009) argument, this inability of women to consistently participate in career without breaking off to attend to other family responsibilities hinders them from gaining the necessary skills and get laid needed ... ...Erlbaum, wise Jersey. Kraiser, G 2009, Analyzing the Occupational Sex Segregations, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.Metz, S & Desile 2007, Managing the Diverse Workforce is grammatic al gender Discrimination a Major regaining, The Public Forum Journal, Vol. 5, no. 12, pp 34-60.Mullins, LJ 2005, Management and Organisational Behaviour (7th ed), Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Moss, N 2002, Choosing Between Family and Career Advancement Tough Decisions Facing Women sexual practice Management Journal, Vol. 12, no. 20, pp 142-58.Smith, L & Collen 2007, Work-Life Balance and Productivity, Rutledge, London.Shapiro, L & Worcester, S 2008, Gender Differences in Personality and Leadership Traits A review for Business Leaders, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.Wirth, L 2001, Breaking Through the glass ceiling Women in management, International confinement Office, Geneva.

A Holographic Interpretation of the Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

A Holographic Interpretation of the reddened Letter             Comprehension of anything requires a framework already in rate in order to place it in out sphere of reference.  Especially those that ar fuzzy or difficult to nail down.  The brain and the atom are not full understood, but by comparing functions, structures, and similar operations to known items or concepts one can obtain a hold on the unusual and even extrapolate unknown processes from known ones.  (For example, the brain is similar to a computer.  They both have memory, input/output, and similar structures-transistors to synapses.)  This technique works with books and a deeper understanding a grasp of a books meaning becomes possible.             The Scarlet Letter can be viewed through an understanding of the operation and intersection of holograms.  First, an understanding of the holographic process is ne eded before any comparisons are possible.             First and foremost a hologram requires a source of recollective wave- like energy. The second is a recording medium of extremely spicy resolution to record the microscopic interference patterns of dismount.  The third major necessity is utter stability and freedom from vibrations.  As for producing an actual hologram, here is set forth a 2-beam transmission holograph.  (So named because viewing it requires shining the akin coherent electric discharge back through it)  The laser is placed on a platform in the sand and a mirror directs the light diagonally across the table.  A beamsplitter divides the beam into two parts.  One goes to a mirror that directs the light through a spreading lens onto the photographic plate at an angle. The other beam is bounced off a mirror and through a spreading lens onto the object to be holographed.  The table is allowe d to settle and an painting made.  The light from the first beam, called the reference beam, and the reflected light from the object combine to prove microscopic inte rference patterns through constructive and destructive interference.  Since light is a wave, when two coherent beams intersect depending on their phase they either add or subtract strengths forming areas of lightness and darkness that are captured by the photographic plate.  subsequently development the hologram is viewed with light from the same laser at the same angle as

Pedagogy vs. Andragogy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Consider the differences amongst the steering in which kidren and adults read accessionIn this assignment, I indicate to consider the possible differences between the air in which children and adults learn. For instance, Piaget believed on that point to be schemes with four distinct stages of cognitive development. betwixt birth and the time a child is ready for school, he/she entrust pass by means of deuce of the four stages. These stages argon the Sensorimotor show and the Preoperational Stage. Alternatively, it could be argued that our p atomic number 18nts, teachers, and society as a whole condition us, to learn in a limited way, to take our place in society. This, so in the words of Freire isthe banking innovation of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the pupil extends only as f dodgeher as receiving, filing and storing the deposits. (Freire, 1970) On the some other hand, it is suggested, that adults learn from experience and reflection, therefo re, it is the way in which peopleunderstand, or experience, or conceptualise the world near them. (Ramsden, 1992) The focus for them then, is gaining knowledge or big businessman through the use of experience. These are two extremes of the spectrum of learning and there are, tally to theorists such as Piaget, some(prenominal) stages in-between, these are sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational and formal-operational. I intend to liveliness at these stages in gunpoint in the main body of this assignment. offshootly, I intend to consider the subject matter of learning and briefly look at the terms pedagogy and andragogy. instructionWhat is learning? Learning is a play by which we change our deportment and understanding. We learn in many ways. For instance, the cognitive druthers to learning, this could be state to be how children learn, (see child learning section). Secondly, there is the humanistic orientation to learning, this could be said to be a personal ised act to fulfil potential, through experience and reflection. Finally, we have the social/situational orientation to learning this refers to the way we are pre-conditioned by society. Child learning teaching methodFirstly, we will look at the term pedagogy, pedagogy means the art and science of educating children and often is apply as another word for teaching. to a greater extent correctly, pedagogy embraces teacher-focused education. In the pedagogic model, teachers assume responsibility... ...ithout a Teacher. A teach of tasks and assistance during adult self-teaching projects, Toronto Ontario lend for Studies in Education. Piagets theory. 1970, In P. Mussen (ed) Handbook of child psychology, Vol. New York This reference is an selection from a lecture given by Erich Fromm 1958 in Spanish and print under the title "Los factores sociales y su influencia en el desarrollo del nio" in La Prensa Mdica Mexicana (Volume 23, 1958, p. 227f.). - First published in the an nual of the international Erich Fromm Society, Vol. 3, Mnster LIT-Verlag, 1992, pp. 163-165. - Translation from Spanish into English by Jorge silva Garca, Tlalpan, Mexico. Knowles, M.S. (1984). The adult learner A leave out species. (3rd edition). Houston Gulf.                                                              Pedagogy vs. Andragogy Essay -- essays enquiry papers fc Consider the differences between the way in which children and adults learnIntroductionIn this assignment, I intend to consider the possible differences between the way in which children and adults learn. For instance, Piaget believed there to be schemes with four distinct stages of cognitive development. Between birth and the time a child is ready for scho ol, he/she will pass through two of the four stages. These stages are the Sensorimotor Stage and the Preoperational Stage. Alternatively, it could be argued that our parents, teachers, and society as a whole condition us, to learn in a particular way, to take our place in society. This, then in the words of Freire isthe banking concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the student extends only as far as receiving, filing and storing the deposits. (Freire, 1970) On the other hand, it is suggested, that adults learn from experience and reflection, therefore, it is the way in which peopleunderstand, or experience, or conceptualise the world around them. (Ramsden, 1992) The focus for them then, is gaining knowledge or ability through the use of experience. These are two extremes of the spectrum of learning and there are, according to theorists such as Piaget, several stages in-between, these are sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational and formal-operatio nal. I intend to look at these stages in detail in the main body of this assignment. Firstly, I intend to consider the meaning of learning and briefly look at the terms pedagogy and andragogy. LearningWhat is learning? Learning is a process by which we change our behaviour and understanding. We learn in many ways. For instance, the cognitive orientation to learning, this could be said to be how children learn, (see child learning section). Secondly, there is the humanistic orientation to learning, this could be said to be a personal act to fulfil potential, through experience and reflection. Finally, we have the social/situational orientation to learning this refers to the way we are pre-conditioned by society. Child learning PedagogyFirstly, we will look at the term pedagogy, pedagogy means the art and science of educating children and often is used as another word for teaching. More correctly, pedagogy embraces teacher-focused education. In the pedagogic model, teachers assume res ponsibility... ...ithout a Teacher. A study of tasks and assistance during adult self-teaching projects, Toronto Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Piagets theory. 1970, In P. Mussen (ed) Handbook of child psychology, Vol. New York This reference is an excerpt from a lecture given by Erich Fromm 1958 in Spanish and published under the title "Los factores sociales y su influencia en el desarrollo del nio" in La Prensa Mdica Mexicana (Volume 23, 1958, p. 227f.). - First published in the Yearbook of the international Erich Fromm Society, Vol. 3, Mnster LIT-Verlag, 1992, pp. 163-165. - Translation from Spanish into English by Jorge Silva Garca, Tlalpan, Mexico. Knowles, M.S. (1984). The adult learner A neglected species. (3rd edition). Houston Gulf.                                             &nb sp